Table 2 Estimated means and confidence intervals (CI) for peak linear accelerations and rotational velocities with respect to situational factors at the instant of head impact (objects striking the head, location of impact on the head, and whether the head was the initial point of contact), within ± 10 s of the reference time.
From: Associations between the circumstances and severity of head impacts in men’s university ice hockey
Frequency | Linear acceleration (g) | Rotational velocity (rad/s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count (% of head impacts captured) | Mean (95% CI) | p value | Mean (95% CI) | p value | |
Object impacting head | n = 234 | n = 234 | 0.636 | n = 234 | 0.758 |
Board/glass | 85 (36.3%) | 36.4 (31.0–42.7) | 14.9 (12.8–20.2) | ||
Elbow/forearm/hand | 61 (26.0%) | 31.9 (26.3–38.7) | 13.7 (11.7–16.1) | ||
Shoulder/upper arm | 43 (18.4%) | 35.0 (22.9–43.9) | 16.1 (12.8–20.2) | ||
Head | 19 (8.1%) | 44.3 (30.3–64.6) | 17.1 (13.1–22.3) | ||
Other* | 12 (5.1%) | 32.2 (20.2–51.6) | 14.1 (9.9–19.9) | ||
Stick | 11 (4.7%) | 36.5 (23.3–57.0) | 14.6 (8.8–24.0) | ||
Ice | 3 (1.3%) | 17.9 (6.8–47.4) | 13.8 (7.3–26.2) | ||
Impact to environment object versus another player | n = 222 | n = 222 | 0.922 | n = 222 | 0.821 |
Body part | 134 (60.4%) | 35.5 (32.7–38.7) | 14.5 (13.8–15.5) | ||
Environmental object** | 88 (39.6%) | 35.9 (30.7–42.0) | 14.3 (12.9–15.8) | ||
Upper limb contact site*** | n = 104 | n = 104 | 0.860 | n = 104 | 0.254 |
Hand | 41 (39.4%) | 34.0 (25.3–45.7) | 13.5 (11.3–16.1) | ||
Shoulder/upper arm | 43 (41.3%) | 37.0 (29.2–46.6) | 15.9 (13.9–18.3) | ||
Elbow/forearm | 20 (19.2%) | 31.5 (20.2–49.3) | 12.1 (9.2–15.7) | ||
Glass versus boards/impacting head | n = 85 | n = 85 | 0.742 | n = 85 | 0.477 |
Glass | 67 (78.8%) | 37.4 (30.5–46.1) | 14.7 (13.0–16.8) | ||
Board | 18 (21.2%) | 35.1 (24.4–50.5) | 13.5 (10.8–16.8) | ||
Location of impact on head | n = 234 | n = 234 | 0.171 | n = 234 | 0.680 |
Side | 146 (62.4%) | 36.5 (22.5–39.8) | 15.2 (14.3–16.1) | ||
Front | 49 (20.9%) | 28.7 (23.5–34.9) | 13.8 (12.0–15.8) | ||
Back | 28 (12.0%) | 35.6 (26.6–47.5) | 13.9 (11.3–17.0) | ||
Top (crown) | 11 (4.7%) | 48.2 (30.0–77.4) | 15.7 (11.3–21.9) | ||
Head initial point of contact† | n = 223 | n = 223 | 0.939 | n = 223 | 0.812 |
No | 169 (75.8%) | 36.1 (31.0–42.0) | 14.5 (13.6–15.4) | ||
Yes | 54 (24.2%) | 36.4 (28.3–46.9) | 14.8 (13.2–16.6) | ||
