Table 2 Multivariable logistic regression analysis of depression and health-related, socio-demographic and household characteristics of older adults in India, the Longitudinal Aging Study in India, 2017–2019.

Health-related characteristics

Self-rated health [ref = (Good)]

Average

1.50***

(1.14, 1.98)

1.25*

(0.97, 1.62)

Poor

2.95***

(2.19, 3.95)

2.28***

(1.74, 2.98)

Chronic morbidity status (ref = No condition)

Single condition

1.31***

(1.10, 1.56)

1.05

(0.90, 1.22)

Multiple conditions

1.40***

(1.16, 1.68)

1.32***

(1.13, 1.55)

Physical activity status (ref = Physically inactive)

Physically active

1.23**

(1.03, 1.48)

1.31***

(1.12, 1.52)

Difficulty in ADL (ref = No difficulty)

Faces difficulty

1.63***

(1.37, 1.93)

1.67***

(1.45, 1.92)

Difficulty in IADL (ref = No difficulty)

Faces difficulty

1.57***

(1.34, 1.86)

1.42***

(1.23, 1.65)

Socio-demographic characteristics

Social participation (ref = Socially active)

Socially inactive

1.33**

(1.04, 1.70)

1.38***

(1.15, 1.67)

Living arrangement satisfaction (ref = Satisfied)

Neutral

1.68***

(1.42, 2.00)

1.27***

(1.09, 1.48)

Not satisfied

2.69***

(2.12, 3.42)

2.45***

(2.01, 2.98)

Received ill-treatment (ref = No)

Yes

2.79***

(2.20, 3.54)

2.56***

(2.10, 3.13)

Age (in years)

0.97***

(0.96, 0.98)

0.99

(0.99, 1.00)

Level of education (in years)

1.00

(0.98, 1.02)

0.99

(0.97, 1.01)

Marital status (ref = Currently married)

Currently not married

0.92

(0.60, 1.41)

0.69

(0.43, 1.11)

Widowed

1.49***

(1.24, 1.79)

1.20***

(1.05, 1.38)

Working status [ref = (Currently working)]

Currently not working

1.10

(0.92, 1.32)

0.94

(0.78, 1.13)

Never worked

1.06

(0.74, 1.50)

0.78***

(0.64, 0.94)

Retired

1.03

(0.80, 1.34)

0.94

(0.58, 1.51)

Household characteristics

Household MPCE quintile (ref = Poorest)

Poorer

0.96

(0.77, 1.21)

0.97

(0.80, 1.16)

Middle

1.05

(0.84, 1.32)

0.75***

(0.61, 0.91)

Richer

1.27**

(1.02, 1.60)

0.98

(0.81, 1.19)

Richest

1.46***

(1.16, 1.83)

1.11

(0.91, 1.35)

Religion of household (ref = Hinduism)

Islam

0.99

(0.80, 1.24)

1.12

(0.93, 1.36)

Others

0.72**

(0.56, 0.93)

0.99

(0.80, 1.22)

Caste of household (ref = Scheduled tribe)

Scheduled caste

1.70***

(1.26, 2.28)

2.24***

(1.73, 2.91)

Other backward class

1.77***

(1.34, 2.32)

2.28***

(1.79, 2.92)

Others

1.58***

(1.18, 2.10)

2.22***

(1.72, 2.87)

Place of residence (ref = Urban)

Rural

1.16*

(0.98, 1.38)

1.44***

(1.24, 1.67)

Analytical sample size

14,682

15,955