Table 4 Detailed decomposition (with normalized coefficients) of men–women gap in depression among older adults in India, the Longitudinal Aging Study in India, 2017–2019.

From: Depression by gender and associated factors among older adults in India: implications for age-friendly policies

	Men–women gap in depression among older adults (60+ years)
	Difference due to characteristics (E)				Difference due to coefficients (C)
	Coefficient	95% CI	p value	Percent	Coefficient	95% CI	p value	Percent
Health-related characteristics
Self-rated health
Good	0.00101	(0.00049, 0.00153)	< 0.001	7.4	0.00058	(− 0.00072, 0.00187)	0.383	4.2
Average	0.00004	(0.00000, 0.00008)	0.028	0.3	− 0.00057	(− 0.00316, 0.00202)	0.667	− 4.1
Poor	0.00152	(0.00102, 0.00202)	< 0.001	11.1	− 0.00053	(− 0.00167, 0.00060)	0.359	− 3.9
Chronic morbidity status
No condition	0.00038	(0.00006, 0.00071)	0.022	2.8	0.00113	(− 0.00131, 0.00356)	0.365	8.2
Single condition	− 0.00009	(− 0.00023, 0.00004)	0.167	− 0.7	− 0.00093	(− 0.00273, 0.00088)	0.314	− 6.7
Multiple conditions	0.00035	(0.00015, 0.00056)	0.001	2.6	0.00022	(− 0.00069, 0.00113)	0.638	1.6
Physical activity status
Physically inactive	− 0.00026	(− 0.00042, − 0.00011)	0.001	− 1.9	− 0.00050	(− 0.00276, 0.00176)	0.665	− 3.6
Physically active	− 0.00026	(− 0.00042, − 0.00011)	0.001	− 1.9	0.00018	(− 0.00065, 0.00102)	0.665	1.3
Difficulty in ADL
No difficulty	0.00121	(0.00077, 0.00164)	< 0.001	8.8	− 0.00027	(− 0.00260, 0.00206)	0.819	− 2.0
Faces difficulty	0.00121	(0.00077, 0.00164)	< 0.001	8.8	0.00006	(− 0.00045, 0.00057)	0.819	0.4
Difficulty in IADL
No difficulty	0.00233	(0.00127, 0.00339)	< 0.001	17.0	0.00081	(− 0.00138, 0.00300)	0.470	5.9
Faces difficulty	0.00233	(0.00127, 0.00339)	< 0.001	17.0	− 0.00043	(− 0.00161, 0.00074)	0.470	− 3.2
Socio-demographic characteristics
Social participation
Socially active	0.00030	(0.00011, 0.00049)	0.002	2.2	− 0.00045	(− 0.00411, 0.00320)	0.808	− 3.3
Socially inactive	0.00030	(0.00011, 0.00049)	0.002	2.2	0.00004	(− 0.00025, 0.00032)	0.808	0.3
Living arrangement satisfaction
Satisfied	0.00099	(0.00065, 0.00133)	< 0.001	7.2	0.00249	(− 0.00238, 0.00736)	0.316	18.1
Neutral	− 0.00026	(− 0.00046, − 0.00005)	0.015	− 1.9	− 0.00059	(− 0.00173, 0.00056)	0.314	− 4.3
Not satisfied	0.00039	(0.00025, 0.00052)	0.000	2.8	0.00003	(− 0.00018, 0.00024)	0.773	0.2
Received ill-treatment
No	0.00033	(0.00022, 0.00043)	< 0.001	2.4	0.00101	(− 0.00302, 0.00505)	0.623	7.4
Yes	0.00033	(0.00022, 0.00043)	< 0.001	2.4	− 0.00004	(− 0.00019, 0.00011)	0.623	− 0.3
Age (in years)	0.00013	(− 0.00006, 0.00031)	0.185	0.9	0.04548	(− 0.03642, 0.12738)	0.276	331.3
Level of education (in years)	0.00210	(− 0.00281, 0.00702)	0.401	15.3	− 0.00145	(− 0.00523, 0.00232)	0.451	− 10.6
Marital status
Currently married	− 0.00167	(− 0.00640, 0.00307)	0.491	− 12.1	0.00341	(− 0.00443, 0.01125)	0.394	24.8
Currently not married	0.00003	(0.00000, 0.00007)	0.066	0.2	− 0.00008	(− 0.00040, 0.00024)	0.618	− 0.6
Widowed	0.00668	(0.00181, 0.01154)	0.007	48.6	− 0.00018	(− 0.00117, 0.00081)	0.725	− 1.3
Working status
Currently working	− 0.00158	(− 0.00438, 0.00121)	0.268	− 11.5	0.00142	(− 0.00194, 0.00477)	0.409	10.3
Currently not working	− 0.00021	(− 0.00117, 0.00074)	0.664	− 1.5	− 0.00020	(− 0.00215, 0.00176)	0.844	− 1.4
Never worked	− 0.00521	(− 0.01075, 0.00033)	0.065	− 38.0	− 0.00021	(− 0.00075, 0.00033)	0.454	− 1.5
Retired	− 0.00030	(− 0.00363, 0.00304)	0.861	− 2.2	0.00016	(− 0.00136, 0.00168)	0.833	1.2
Household characteristics
Household MPCE quintile
Poorest	0.00003	(− 0.00005, 0.00012)	0.446	0.3	0.00087	(− 0.00088, 0.00261)	0.330	6.3
Poorer	0.00000	(− 0.00004, 0.00005)	0.842	0.0	0.00089	(− 0.00087, 0.00266)	0.322	6.5
Middle	− 0.00003	(− 0.00005, − 0.00001)	0.001	− 0.2	− 0.00084	(− 0.00258, 0.00090)	0.343	− 6.1
Richer	− 0.00001	(− 0.00004, 0.00003)	0.621	− 0.1	− 0.00041	(− 0.00154, 0.00072)	0.474	− 3.0
Richest	− 0.00015	(− 0.00027, − 0.00002)	0.021	− 1.1	− 0.00048	(− 0.00169, 0.00072)	0.432	− 3.5
Religion of household
Hinduism	0.00001	(− 0.00002, 0.00003)	0.511	0.1	− 0.00266	(− 0.00796, 0.00264)	0.325	− 19.4
Islam	− 0.00001	(− 0.00003, 0.00001)	0.256	− 0.1	− 0.00007	(− 0.00069, 0.00056)	0.827	− 0.5
Others	− 0.00002	(− 0.00007, 0.00004)	0.528	− 0.1	0.00062	(− 0.00066, 0.00190)	0.343	4.5
Caste of household
Scheduled Tribe	− 0.00027	(− 0.00037, − 0.00017)	< 0.001	− 2.0	− 0.00088	(− 0.00280, 0.00104)	0.368	− 6.4
Scheduled Caste	0.00004	(0.00001, 0.00006)	0.004	0.3	0.00024	(− 0.00066, 0.00113)	0.602	1.7
Other Backward Class	− 0.00016	(− 0.00025, − 0.00008)	< 0.001	− 1.2	0.00036	(− 0.00126, 0.00198)	0.664	2.6
Others	0.00002	(0.00001, 0.00004)	0.003	0.2	0.00090	(− 0.00112, 0.00291)	0.383	6.5
Place of residence
Urban	− 0.00023	(− 0.00034, − 0.00011)	< 0.001	− 1.7	− 0.00087	(− 0.00269, 0.00094)	0.346	− 6.4
Rural	− 0.00023	(− 0.00034, − 0.00011)	< 0.001	− 1.7	0.00176	(− 0.00189, 0.00541)	0.346	12.8
Constant	–	–	–	–	− 0.04735	(− 0.13127, 0.03657)	0.269	− 345.0

(a) CI: Confidence interval; (b) ADL: Activities of daily living, IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living, MPCE: Monthly per capita expenditure.

Back to article page

Table 4 Detailed decomposition (with normalized coefficients) of men–women gap in depression among older adults in India, the Longitudinal Aging Study in India, 2017–2019.

Search

Quick links