Figure 14

The stress–strain material model of M1 ropes. (a) Normalized mean stress–strain for all diameters, (b) Tri-linear approximation (schematic view), (c) Tri-linear stress–strain scheme with constitutive equations for 4mm ropes.

The stress–strain material model of M1 ropes. (a) Normalized mean stress–strain for all diameters, (b) Tri-linear approximation (schematic view), (c) Tri-linear stress–strain scheme with constitutive equations for 4mm ropes.