Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcomes of study populations.

From: Association of prehospital advanced airway and epinephrine with survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

 

Overall

(n = 8217)

BLS only

(n = 1201)

BLS

 + advanced airway

(n = 5326)

BLS

 + advanced airway

 + epinephrine

(n = 1690)

P-value

Age, year

65 [54–74]

64 [53–73]

66 [55–75]

64 [54–73]

0.001a,c

Sex, female, n (%)

2349 (28.6%)

358 (29.8%)

1572 (29.5%)

419 (24.8%)

0.001b,c

Witnessed arrest, n (%)

4270 (52.0%)

741 (61.7%)

2964 (55.7%)

865 (51.2%)

 < 0.001a,b,c

Public place, n (%)

1713 (20.8%)

267 (22.2%)

1082 (20.3%)

364 (21.5%)

0.247

Bystander CPR, n (%)

4876 (59.3%)

627 (52.2%)

3161 (59.4%)

1088 (64.4%)

 < 0.001a,b,c

Initial shockable rhythm, n (%)

1893 (23.0%)

332 (27.6%)

1171 (22.0%)

390 (23.1%)

 < 0.001a

EMS time interval, minute

 Response time

8 [7–11]

8 [7–11]

8 [7–11]

9 [7–11]

 < 0.001b,c

 Scene time

14 [10–17]

11 [9–15]

13 [10–16]

19 [15–24]

 < 0.001a,b,c

 Transport time

7 [5–10]

7 [5–11]

7 [5–9]

7 [5–10]

0.004a

 Total pre-hospital time

30 [25–36]

28 [23–35]

29 [24–34]

37 [31–43]

 < 0.001b,c

EMS management

 Defibrillation, n (%)

2565 (31.2%)

426 (35.5%)

1573 (29.5%)

566 (33.5%)

 < 0.001a,c

 Advanced airway, n (%)

7016 (85.4%)

0 (0%)

5326 (100%)

1690 (100%)

 

 Endotracheal intubation, n (%)

920 (11.2%)

0 (0%)

665 (12.5%)

255 (15.1%)

 < 0.001c

 SGA, n (%)

6096 (74.2%)

0 (0%)

4661 (87.5%)

1435 (84.9%)

 < 0.001c

  Combitube, n (%)

1 (0%)

0 (0%)

1 (0%)

0 (0%)

 

  King airway, n (%)

53 (0.6%)

0 (0%)

47 (0.9%)

6 (0.4%)

 

  LMA, n (%)

58 (0.7%)

0 (0%)

42 (0.8%)

16 (0.9%)

 

  I-gel, n (%)

5984 (72.8%)

0 (0%)

4571 (85.8%)

1413 (83.6%)

 

 Epinephrine, n (%)

1690 (20.6%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

1690 (100%)

 

Pre-hospital ROSC, n (%)

1217 (14.8%)

262 (21.8%)

661 (12.4%)

294 (17.4%)

 < 0.001a,b,c

Time to prehospital ROSC, minute*

18 [13–25]

14 [11–20]

17 [13–23]

27 [21–34]

 < 0.001a,b,c

Time to ROSC, minute**

34 [21–44]

29 [15–41]

34 [22–44]

36 [26–48]

 < 0.001a,b,c

Survival outcome

 Survival to discharge, n (%)

1095 (13.3%)

266 (22.1%)

703 (13.2%)

126 (7.5%)

 < 0.001a,b,c

 Good neurologic recovery, n (%)

770 (9.4%)

205 (17.1%)

492 (9.2%)

73 (4.3%)

 < 0.001a,b,c

  1. Data are expressed as median [interquartile range] or number (percentage) as appropriate.
  2. CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMS, emergency medical service; SGA, supraglottic airway; ROSC, return of spontaneous circulation.
  3. *n = 935 (n = 188 for BLS only, n = 521 for BLS + advanced airway group, n = 226 for BLS + advanced airway + epinephrine groups). The variable was evaluated for those without missing time variables.
  4. **n = 2350 (n = 404 for BLS only, n = 1511 for BLS + advanced airway group, n = 435 for BLS + advanced airway + epinephrine groups). ROSC included prehospital ROSC and in-hospital ROSC. The variable was evaluated for those without missing time variables.
  5. aSignificant difference between the BLS only and BLS + advanced airway groups after Bonferroni correction in post hoc analysis.
  6. bSignificant difference between the BLS only and BLS + advanced airway + epinephrine groups after Bonferroni correction in post-hoc analysis.
  7. cSignificant difference between the BLS + advanced airway and BLS + advanced airway + epinephrine groups after Bonferroni correction in post hoc analysis.
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