Table 5 A repeated-measures ANOVA to compare outcome measures between two groups (1 and 2), with time (pre- or post-intervention measurement) as the within-subjects factor and the outcome measure as the between-subjects factor.

From: Exploring the impact of integrated polyvagal exercises and knee reinforcement in females with grade II knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial

Outcome variables

Group 1

Group 2

Time (T) effect

ηp2 (p-value)

Group (G) effect

ηp2 (p-value)

T x G interaction ηp2 (p-value)

Pre

Post

Pre

Post

ROM

ROM

100.16 ± 9.95

118.24 ± 9.18a

101 ± 7.36

123 ± 7.64b

0.87 (p < 0.001 )

0.03 (0.20)

0.06 (0.08)

WOMAC

Joint pain

15.40 ± 2.00

10.60 ± 1.73a

16.00 ± 2.02

5.72 ± 1.21b

0.96 (p < 0.001)

0.32 (p < 0.001)

0.76 (p < 0.001)

Stiffness

5.76 ± 1.36

2.88 ± 1.05a

6.24 ± 1.76

2.24 ± 0.72b

0.91 (p < 0.001)

0.0001 (0.81)

0.22 (p < 0.001)

Functional limitation

47.04 ± 4.75

30.24 ± 4.74a

49.08 ± 5.63

22.64 ± 5.62b

0.94 (p < 0.001)

0.09 (0.03)

0.45 (p < 0.001)

WOMAC Index

68.6 ± 5.13

37.96 ± 4.89a

71.68 ± 6.09

31.08 ± 5.54b

0.97 (p < 0.001)

0.24 (p < 0.001)

0.67 (p < 0.001)

WHOQoL

Overall QoL

2.8 ± 0.87

3.56 ± 1.08a

2.4 ± 0.71

3.64 ± 0.86b

0.85 (p < 0.001)

0.0001 (0.51)

0.24 (p < 0.001)

General health

2.6 ± 0.82

3.2 ± 1.08a

2.52 ± 0.82

3.72 ± 0.94b

0.61 (p < 0.001)

0.02 (0.36)

0.15 (p < 0.001)

Physical domain

11.92 ± 1.19

16.08 ± 1.44a

12.52 ± 1.56

15.68 ± 1.65b

0.79 (p < 0.001)

0.001 (0.75)

0.06 (0.08)

Psychological domain

14.36 ± 1.7

15.24 ± 1.69

14.92 ± 1.08

17.84 ± 0.94b

0.77 (p < 0.001)

0.28 (p < 0.001)

0.49 (p < 0.001)

Social domain

14.52 ± 0.96

15.04 ± 0.98

14.48 ± 1.39

17.48 ± 0.96b

0.69 (p < 0.001)

0.31 (p < 0.001)

0.52 (0.08)

Environmental domain

13.92 ± 1.75

15.92 ± 1.26a

13.28 ± 1.62

16.48 ± 1.19b

0.72 (p < 0.001)

0.0001 (0.91)

0.12 (0.01)

HRV time domain

Resting HR (beats/min)

82.48 ± 6.46

80.48 ± 6.1

81.64 ± 4.88

79.6 ± 6.06

0.08 (0.04)

0.001 (0.53)

0.001 (0.98)

Mean RR (ms)

711.55 ± 62.96

742.05 ± 62.58

662.32 ± 39.87

786.93 ± 57.21b

0.76 (p < 0.001)

0.0001 (0.88)

0.53 (p < 0.001)

SDNN (ms)

112.91 ± 9.8

116.91 ± 10.85

113.37 ± 10.6

119.82 ± 11.37b

0.13 (0.01)

0.01 (0.46)

0.001 (0.54)

RMSSD

21.22 ± 5.97

24.39 ± 6.71

19.97 ± 4.37

24.26 ± 6.12b

0.64 (p < 0.01)

0.0001 (0.67)

0.04 (0.17)

HRV frequency domain

LF (ms2)

533.55 ± 63.53

543.55 ± 63.53

550.12 ± 95.17

521.34 ± 48.17

0.02 (0.32)

0.0001 (0.87)

0.08 (0.04)

HF (ms2)

295.23 ± 72.19

334.58 ± 50.99a

286.68 ± 90.47

392.16 ± 48.88b

0.02 (0.32)

0.0001 (0.87)

0.08 (0.04)

TP (ms2)

1360.5 ± 209.47

1474.4 ± 246.23

1355.17 ± 327.33

1449.41 ± 201.75

0.14 (p < 0.001)

0.00001 (0.80)

0.0001 (0.79)

LF/HF

1.89 ± 0.42

1.66 ± 0.37

2.04 ± 0.52

1.34 ± 0.18b

0.43 (p < 0.001)

0.02 (0.29)

0.16 (0.0001)

nuLF

39.55 ± 3.64

37.55 ± 5.98

41.19 ± 4.3

36.37 ± 4.16b

0.25 (p < 0.001)

0.0001 (0.81)

0.05 (0.11)

nuHF

21.56 ± 3.64

23.04 ± 3.81

21.09 ± 4.03

27.41 ± 4.17b

0.43 (p < 0.001)

0.09 (0.04)

0.23 (p < 0.001)

  1. ‘a’ shows the significant difference between pre to post-measurement in Group 1 while ‘b’ shows difference in Group 2. mRR mean RR interval, SDNN standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals, RMSSD root mean square of successive differences, LF low-frequency spectral power, HF high-frequency spectral power, LF/HF ratio of low-frequency power to high-frequency power, TP total power, nu normalized units.
  2. Significant values are in [bold].
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