Figure 1
From: Varicella‐zoster virus infection and primary membranous nephropathy: a Mendelian randomization study
(A) Schematic diagram of the hypothetical relationship between genetic variant (G), exposure (X), and outcome (Y), in the presence of unobserved confounding factors (U). Solid arrows represent allowed associations between the variables, while dashed lines represent associations that need to be avoided for G to qualify as a robust instrumental variable (IV). (B) Diagram of the process for the 2-sample MR analysis.
