Table 2 Effect size of haptic feedback on applied forces overall and across subgroups.
From: The benefits of haptic feedback in robot assisted surgery and their moderators: a meta-analysis
Group | Observations | Hedges’ g | 95% CI | p-value | Q-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 61 | 0.83 | 0.66 to 1.01 | < 0.01 | |
Expertise | |||||
Experienced | 10 | 0.15 | − 0.18 to 0.47 | 0.37 | |
Novice | 13 | 0.68 | 0.44 to 0.93 | < 0.01 | |
Inexperienced | 23 | 0.98 | 0.65 to 1.31 | < 0.01 | |
Total between | 3 | < 0.01 | 13.05 | ||
Task | |||||
Catheter | 5 | 1.72 | 0.95 to 2.50 | < 0.01 | |
Grasp | 29 | 0.88 | 0.59 to 1.17 | < 0.01 | |
Insertion | 4 | 0.87 | 0.43 to 1.31 | < 0.01 | |
Palpation | 7 | 0.70 | 0.35 to 1.04 | < 0.01 | |
Section | 9 | 0.16 | − 0.23 to 0.55 | 0.42 | |
Suturing | 3 | 0.96 | 0.54 to 1.39 | < 0.01 | |
Tracing | 4 | 0.83 | 0.08 to 1.57 | 0.03 | |
Total between | 7 | 0.01 | 16.92 | ||
FB Type | |||||
Cutaneous | 18 | 0.36 | 0.11 to 0.61 | 0.01 | |
Kinesthetic | 37 | 0.96 | 0.75 to 1.18 | < 0.01 | |
Combined | 6 | 1.39 | 0.83 to 1.96 | < 0.01 | |
Total between | 3 | < 0.01 | 17.92 | ||
