Table 4 Effect size of haptic feedback on accuracy across subgroups.
From: The benefits of haptic feedback in robot assisted surgery and their moderators: a meta-analysis
Group | Observations | Hedge’s g | 95% CI | p-value | Q-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 25 | 1.50 | 1.07 to 1.92 | < 0.01 | |
Expertise | |||||
Experienced | 2 | 2.78 | 0.65 to 4.90 | 0.01 | |
Novice | 9 | 1.20 | 0.61 to 1.78 | < 0.01 | |
Inexperienced | 9 | 1.87 | 1.07 to 2.67 | < 0.01 | |
Total between | 3 | 0.20 | 3.23 | ||
Task | |||||
Insertion | 7 | 2.12 | 0.68 to 3.57 | < 0.01 | |
Laser | 4 | 2.14 | 0.97 to 3.31 | < 0.01 | |
Palpation | 4 | 1.30 | 0.57 to 2.03 | < 0.01 | |
Scan | 1 | 1.11 | 0.39 to 1.82 | < 0.01 | |
Section | 2 | 1.62 | 0.59 to 2.65 | < 0.01 | |
Suturing | 3 | 1.34 | − 0.11 to 2.80 | 0.07 | |
Tracing | 4 | 0.63 | 0.20 to 1.05 | < 0.01 | |
Total between | 7 | 0.09 | 10.98 | ||
FB type | Observations | Hedges’ g | 95% CI | p-value | Q-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cutaneous | 2 | 1.25 | 0.00 to 2.49 | 0.05 | |
Kinesthetic | 16 | 1.30 | 0.75 to 1.84 | < 0.01 | |
Vibrotactile | 5 | 2.40 | 1.08 to 3.73 | < 0.01 | |
Combined | 2 | 1.40 | − 0.12 to 2.93 | 0.07 | |
Total between | 4 | 0.50 | 2.39 | ||
VF vs. CF | |||||
Contact Force | 12 | 1.76 | 1.06 to 2.45 | < 0.01 | |
Virtual fixture | 13 | 1.28 | 0.78 to 1.78 | < 0.01 | |
Total between | 2 | 0.28 | 1.19 | ||
