Table 5 Summary of most important results.
From: The benefits of haptic feedback in robot assisted surgery and their moderators: a meta-analysis
Key takeaways | |
|---|---|
Main effects | Large positive effects of providing haptic feedback were found for all measures: applied force (g = 0.83), completion time (g = 0.83), accuracy (g = 1.50), and success rates (g = 0.80) |
Level of expertise | Expertise moderates the effects found for applied forces and completion time but not for accuracy. Generally, the difference between haptic and no haptic feedback is larger for less experienced users |
Task | The type of task likewise moderates the effects found for forces and completion time but not for accuracy. In both cases, the difference between haptic and no haptic feedback was largest for catheterization and smallest for cutting tasks |
Feedback type | How the haptic feedback was delivered only affected the effects found for forces. Cutaneous feedback had the weakest (g = 0.36) and combined feedback the strongest effect (g = 1.39) |
Virtual fixtures vs. contact forces | Whether the feedback was given about actual physical contact or virtual fixtures did not affect effect size |
