Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of hospitalized characteristics of COVID-19 hospitalizations by race in California.
From: Racial difference in mortality among COVID-19 hospitalizations in California
Characteristic | Total N = 87,934 | White n = 23,972 (27.3%) | Black n = 5513 (6.3%) | Hispanic n = 49,719 (56.5%) | Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American n = 8730 (9.9%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
18–44 years | 14,064 (16.0%) | 1731 (7.2%) | 767 (13.9%) | 10,564 (21.2%) | 1002 (11.5%) | |
45–64 years | 33,611 (38.2%) | 6567 (27.4%) | 2151 (39.0%) | 21,823 (43.9%) | 3070 (35.2%) | |
65–84 years | 31,391 (35.7%) | 11,142 (46.5%) | 2148 (39.0%) | 14,608 (29.4%) | 3493 (40.0%) | |
≥ 85 years | 8868 (10.1%) | 4532 (18.9%) | 447 (8.1%) | 2724 (5.5%) | 1165 (13.3%) | |
Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Male | 48,315 (54.9%) | 12,840 (53.6%) | 2922 (53.0%) | 27,965 (56.2%) | 4588 (52.6%) | |
Female | 39,617 (45.1%) | 11,132 (46.4%) | 2591 (47.0%) | 21,753 (43.8%) | 4141 (47.4%) | |
Insurance, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
Medicare | 38,179 (43.4%) | 15,394 (64.2%) | 2746 (49.8%) | 15,958 (32.1%) | 4081 (46.8%) | |
Medicaid | 24,660 (28.1%) | 2794 (11.7%) | 1321 (24.0%) | 19,082 (38.4%) | 1463 (16.8%) | |
Private insurance | 20,602 (23.4%) | 4935 (20.6%) | 1110 (20.1%) | 11,769 (23.7%) | 2788 (31.9%) | |
Uninsured | 1588 (1.8%) | 143 (0.6%) | 73 (1.3%) | 1244 (2.5%) | 128 (1.5%) | |
Other | 2866 (3.3%) | 699 (2.9%) | 259 (4.7%) | 1639 (3.3%) | 269 (3.1%) | |
Clinical risk profile, n (%) | ||||||
Hypertension | 54,132 (61.6%) | 16,366 (68.3%) | 4126 (74.8%) | 27,625 (55.6%) | 6015 (68.9%) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 14,820 (16.9%) | 3044 (12.7%) | 795 (14.4%) | 9496 (19.1%) | 1485 (17.0%) | 0.009 |
Hyperlipidemia | 34,561 (39.3%) | 10,959 (45.7%) | 2223 (40.3%) | 17,106 (34.4%) | 4273 (48.9%) | 0.005 |
Obesity | 24,728 (28.1%) | 5926 (24.7%) | 1702 (30.9%) | 15,750 (31.7%) | 1350 (15.5%) | < 0.001 |
Atrial fibrillation | 8812 (10.0%) | 4197 (17.5%) | 541 (9.8%) | 3105 (6.2%) | 969 (11.1%) | < 0.001 |
Coagulation disorder | 9976 (11.3%) | 3117 (13.0%) | 576 (10.4%) | 5236 (10.5%) | 1047 (12.0%) | 0.008 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 5928 (6.7%) | 2531 (10.6%) | 563 (10.2%) | 2125 (4.3%) | 709 (8.1%) | < 0.001 |
Liver disease | 5287 (6.0%) | 1115 (4.7%) | 282 (5.1%) | 3304 (6.6%) | 586 (6.7%) | 0.009 |
Chronic renal failure | 16,933 (19.3%) | 5414 (22.6%) | 1742 (31.6%) | 7819 (15.7%) | 1958 (22.4%) | < 0.001 |
Tobacco use | 4031 (4.6%) | 1389 (5.8%) | 510 (9.3%) | 1823 (3.7%) | 309 (3.5%) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol abuse | 1985 (2.3%) | 585 (2.4%) | 136 (2.5%) | 1195 (2.4%) | 69 (0.8%) | < 0.001 |
Drug abuse | 2527 (2.9%) | 886 (3.7%) | 362 (6.6%) | 1185 (2.4%) | 94 (1.1%) | < 0.001 |
Stroke | 3449 (3.9%) | 1125 (4.7%) | 399 (7.2%) | 1469 (3.0%) | 456 (5.2%) | 0.019 |
Congestive heart failure | 11,704 (13.3%) | 4602 (19.2%) | 1206 (21.9%) | 4846 (9.7%) | 1050 (12.0%) | < 0.001 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 16,619 (18.9%) | 6847 (28.6%) | 1642 (29.8%) | 6571 (13.2%) | 1559 (17.9%) | 0.008 |
Metastatic cancer | 699 (0.8%) | 267 (1.1%) | 69 (1.3%) | 284 (0.6%) | 79 (0.9%) | 0.008 |
Anemia | 2738 (3.1%) | 765 (3.2%) | 239 (4.3%) | 1438 (2.9%) | 296 (3.4%) | 0.019 |
Elixhauser comorbidity index, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
0 | 6228 (7.1%) | 993 (4.1%) | 161 (2.9%) | 4484 (9.0%) | 590 (6.8%) | |
1 or 2 | 29,485 (33.5%) | 6593 (27.5%) | 1292 (23.4%) | 18,629 (37.5%) | 2971 (34.0%) | |
≥ 3 | 52,221 (59.4%) | 16,386 (68.4%) | 4060 (73.6%) | 26,606 (53.5%) | 5169 (59.2%) | |
Mortality, n (%) | 10,065 (11.5%) | 3087 (12.9%) | 576 (10.5%) | 5358 (10.8%) | 1044 (12.0%) | < 0.001 |
