Table 3 Suitable water quality parameters and permissible metal levels in relation to fish culture.
Water quality parameters | EPA | WHO standards | Control (normal tap water) |
|---|---|---|---|
Electric conductivity (µ s cm−1) | 100–2000 μScm−1 | 400 | 627.67 ± 2.51 |
Ph | 6.5–8.5 | – | 7.5 |
Temperature (°C) | 18–35 °C | 12 °C | 20 °C |
CO2 (mg L−1) | 0.70 ± 0.10 | – | 200 |
Total alkalinity (mg L−1) | 25–500 ppm | – | 680 |
Chloride (mg L−1) | 250 | – | 350 |
Total hardness (mg L−1) | 100–800 mg/L | – | 420 |
Ca (mg L−1) | 10–160 ppm | – | 213.33 |
Total dissolved solids (mg L−1) | 100–12,000 | 500 | 356.87 |
Total salinity | 0–5 | 5 | 5.33 ± 1 |
Nitrate | 100 | 20–50 | 67 |
Sodium | 20 | – | 35 |
Phosphates | 5 | 0–20 | 12 |
Fe | 0.3 | – | – |
Pb | 0.2 | – | – |
Ni | 0.1 | – | – |
Co | 0.03 | – | – |
Cu | 1.0 | – | – |
Zn | 1.0 | – | – |
As | 0.05 | – | – |
Mn | 1.0 | – | – |
Cr | 0.1 | – | – |
Mg | 1.0 | – | – |
Cd | 0.1 |
