Table 1 Literature review structure.

GTI

GTI has a positive impact

Improved environmental performance, profitability, core competitiveness of enterprises, total factor carbon productivity in high-income economies and carbon performance

^{20,21,22,23,24}

Non-linear variation in the impact of GTI

A critical point is reached prior to a boost in green productivity and green economic efficiency, with an inverted U-shaped effect on regional carbon emissions

^28,29,30

ER

ER has a positive effect

Promoting green transformation of enterprises, fostering long-term economic growth, increasing green innovation outputs, improving energy efficiency in the environment and green technological efficiency

^{11,14,33,34,35,36}

ER has a moderating effect

Enhancing the impact of green knowledge innovation on CO₂ emissions

^11,26

EEE

EEE has a positive effect

Reducing pollution emissions, enhancing the sustainability of resource utilization and stimulating technological innovation to effectively counter environmental problems and promote sustainable development

^38,39,40,41

EEE is affected by multiple factors

Influenced by technological innovation, policies and regulations, FDI absorptive capacity, level of economic development, industrial and energy structure, etc

^{42,43,44,45,46}

EEE consists of SE, PTE

EEE is the multiplication of SE and PTE

^47,48,49