Table 8 Results of robustness tests for replacement variables.

\(\mathrm{lnGTI}\)

0.0065

(1.25)

− 0.0753***

(− 3.75)

− 0.0687***

(− 3.41)

0.0023

(0.32)

− 0.0659***

(− 2.64)

− 0.0637**

(− 2.56)

\(\mathrm{lnGTI}2\)

0.0009**

(2.36)

− 0.0003*

(− 1.74)

0.0007**

(2.19)

0.0005

(0.85)

− 0.0002

(− 0.79)

0.0003

(0.84)

\(\mathrm{lnSubGI}\)

0.0107**

(2.12)

− 0.1175***

(− 3.98)

− 0.1068***

(− 3.51)

0.0121**

(2.01)

− 0.0819***

(− 2.66)

− 0.0698**

(− 2.23)

\(\mathrm{lnSymGI}\)

− 0.0166***

(− 2.98)

0.0641**

(2.06)

0.0475

(1.53)

− 0.0197***

(− 2.83)

0.0217

(0.66)

0.0019

(0.06)

\(\mathrm{lnER}\)

− 0.0101***

(− 2.79)

0.0492***

(3.03)

0.0391**

(2.51)

− 0.0084**

(− 2.26)

0.0539***

(3.24)

0.0455***

(2.88)

− 0.0045

(− 0.90)

0.0471**

(2.45)

0.0426**

(2.36)

− 0.0038

(− 0.69)

0.0520***

(2.58)

0.0482***

(2.59)

\(\mathrm{lnGTI}\)*\(\mathrm{lnER}\)

− 0.0000

(− 0.11)

0.0028***

(3.28)

0.0028***

(3.36)

0.0006**

(2.52)

0.0016

(1.47)

0.0022**

(2.07)

\(\mathrm{lnSubGI}\)*\(\mathrm{lnER}\)

− 0.0006

(− 0.80)

0.0091**

(2.09)

0.0085*

(1.94)

− 0.0009*

(− 1.88)

0.0052*

(1.88)

0.0042

(1.46)

\(\mathrm{lnSymGI}\)*\(\mathrm{lnER}\)

0.0007

(0.85)

− 0.0070

(− 1.51)

− 0.0063

(− 1.35)

0.0015***

(2.91)

− 0.0034

(− 1.27)

− 0.0019

(− 0.68)

\(\mathrm{lnControls}\)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Province/Year

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Spatial rho

0.4592**

(2.33)

0.4166**

(2.13)

^0.5709***

^(2.66)

0.5157**

(2.42)

sigma2_e

0.0003***

(15.73)

0.0003***

(15.71)

^0.0006***

^(15.60)

0.0005***

(15.60)

R-squared

0.943

0.958

0.924

0.918