Table 9 Results of lagged one-period robustness tests for the explanatory variables.
Model | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total |
\(\mathrm{lnGTI}\) | 0.0647*** (5.47) | 0.1073 (1.50) | 0.1720** (2.38) | 0.0002 (0.03) | − 0.0579** (− 2.29) | − 0.0577** (− 2.30) | ||||||
\(\mathrm{lnGTI}2\) | 0.0032*** (3.64) | − 0.0003 (− 0.38) | 0.0030*** (2.78) | 0.0005 (0.88) | − 0.0001 (− 0.83) | 0.0003 (0.88) | ||||||
\(\mathrm{lnSubGI}\) | 0.0092* (1.78) | − 0.1280*** (− 4.00) | − 0.1187*** (− 3.58) | 0.0109* (1.80) | − 0.0796** (− 2.43) | − 0.0686** (− 2.05) | ||||||
\(\mathrm{lnSymGI}\) | − 0.0178*** (− 3.04) | 0.0742** (2.24) | 0.0564* (1.71) | − 0.0194*** (− 2.72) | 0.0321 (0.91) | 0.0127 (0.36) | ||||||
\(\mathrm{lnER}\) | − 0.0133 (− 1.59) | 0.1045** (2.16) | 0.0912* (1.91) | − 0.0071* (− 1.93) | 0.0589*** (3.27) | 0.0518*** (2.97) | − 0.0049 (− 0.99) | 0.0499** (2.57) | 0.0450** (2.46) | − 0.0042 (− 0.78) | 0.0564*** (2.66) | 0.0522*** (2.63) |
\(\mathrm{lnGTI}\)*\(\mathrm{lnER}\) | − 0.0012*** (− 3.68) | 0.0054** (2.22) | 0.0042* (1.74) | 0.0006*** (2.76) | 0.0019* (1.82) | 0.0025** (2.42) | ||||||
\(\mathrm{lnSubGI}\)*\(\mathrm{lnER}\) | − 0.0006 (− 0.80) | 0.0101** (2.12) | 0.0095** (1.97) | − 0.0009* (− 1.75) | 0.0047 (1.61) | 0.0038 (1.22) | ||||||
\(\mathrm{lnSymGI}\)*\(\mathrm{lnER}\) | 0.0008 (0.95) | − 0.0083 (− 1.60) | − 0.0075 (− 1.44) | 0.0015*** (2.95) | − 0.0026 (− 0.94) | − 0.0011 (− 0.38) | ||||||
\(\mathrm{lnControls}\) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Province/Year | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||||||
Spatial rho | 0.1323 (0.60) | 0.2108** (2.16) | 0.4364*** (3.44) | 0.3690*** (2.85) | ||||||||
sigma2_e | 0.0019*** (15.52) | 0.0003*** (15.46) | 0.0006*** (15.65) | 0.0006*** (15.67) | ||||||||
R-squared | 0.265 | 0.967 | 0.952 | 0.953 | ||||||||
