Table 3 Assessment of the certainty of evidence presented for each outcome.

Aerobic exercise. Muscular strength – Sit-to-stand test (monitoring range 6–12 weeks; assessed with Number of repetitions)

 2

RCT^1,5

not serious^a

not serious

not serious

serious^b

none

26

29

–

SMD 0.15 higher

(− 0.48;1.27)

⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate

Combined exercise. Muscular strength—1 RM Leg press (monitoring range 10–12 weeks; assessed with Weight Lifted)

 2

RCT^8,16

Serious^c

not serious

not serious

serious^b

none

39

33

–

SMD 0.56 higher

(0.08;1.04)

⨁⨁◯◯ Low

Combined exercise. Muscular strength—1 RM chest press (monitoring range 10–12 weeks; assessed with Weight lifted)

 2

RCT^8,16

Serious^c

not serious

not serious

serious^b

none

39

33

–

SMD 0.73 higher

(0.25;1.22)

⨁⨁◯◯ Low

Balance

 4

RCT^1,10,29,32

Serious^a

not serious

not serious

serious^b

none

54

47

Carmeli et al¹⁰ with aerobic exercise reported significant improvements in dynamic balance between groups p < 0.05. Cai et al.²⁹ with a combined exercise plan showed significant increase of dynamic and static balance

⨁⨁◯◯ Low

Aerobic exercise. Gait

 1

RCT¹³

Serious^a

not serious

not serious

not serious

none

11

11

Skiba et al. found an improvement in the space–time parameters, angular changes of the limbs, and mean values of the angular deviations at the joints

⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate

Combined exercise. Functional Fitness—6 min walking distance (6MWD) (monitoring 14 weeks)

 1

RCT²⁸

Serious^a

not serious

not serious

Not serious^a

none

6

6

Perrot et al. showed significant improvements in functional task using combined exercise via nintendo wii

⨁⨁⨁◯ Moderate