Table 1 Average daily intake (ADI) of the elements by human beings through consumption of rice and wheat grain along succeeding decades and recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the elements. Data are mean (n = 6). Data including RDA are expressed in mg day^-1.

From: Historical shifting in grain mineral density of landmark rice and wheat cultivars released over the past 50 years in India

Element	ADI considering bioavailability estimates*							RDA	%RDA
	1960s	1970s	1980s	1990s	2000s	2010s	P value		1960s	1970s	1980s	1990s	2000s	2010s	P value
1. Rice
P	727.5	545.0	433.7	368.8	403.5	–	NS^#	1000²⁹	72.8	54.5	43.4	36.9	40.4	–	P < 0.01
Ca	139.8	120.7	69.8	68.2	53.6	–	P < 0.01	1000²⁹	14.0	12.1	7.0	6.8	5.4	–	P < 0.01
S	90.5	77.8	76.0	83.3	86.8	–	P < 0.001	181³⁰^∆	50.0	43.0	42.0	46.0	48.0	–	P < 0.0001
Fe	1.7	1.4	1.1	0.9	0.8	–	P < 0.0001	15²⁹	11.2	9.6	7.3	6.0	5.6	–	P < 0.0001
Zn	3.7	2.7	2.2	1.9	1.7	–	P < 0.001	11²⁹	33.7	24.2	19.7	17.7	15.7	–	P < 0.001
Cu	0.43	0.50	0.30	0.23	0.20	–	P < 0.01	2²⁹	21.7	24.9	15.1	11.4	10.2	–	P < 0.01
Mn	0.13	0.09	0.10	0.11	0.14	–	P < 0.001	4²⁹	3.4	2.2	2.5	2.8	3.5	–	P < 0.001
Si	11.1	8.2	5.9	4.6	4.5	–	P < 0.001	17³¹^†	65.3	48.0	34.7	27.1	26.5	–	P < 0.001
Ni	0.060	0.039	0.027	0.018	0.013	–	P < 0.001	0.5³²	12.0	7.8	5.4	3.7	2.7	–	P < 0.0001
Li	0.0122	0.0116	0.0118	0.0169	0.0134	–	P < 0.01	1³³	1.22	1.16	1.18	1.69	1.34	–	P < 0.01
V	0.00002	0.00002	0.00012	0.00052	0.00060	–	P < 0.0001	1.2³⁴^†	0.002	0.002	0.010	0.044	0.050	–	P < 0.0001
Ag	0.004	0.003	0.013	0.039	0.053	–	P < 0.0001	0.05³⁵^†	7.9	6.8	26.6	77.2	105.5	–	P < 0.0001
Ba	0.0064	0.0101	0.0115	0.0131	0.0109	–	P < 0.001	12³⁶^§	0.053	0.084	0.096	0.109	0.091	–	P < 0.001
Sr	0.040	0.034	0.044	0.055	0.056	–	P < 0.0001	4³⁷^§	0.99	0.85	1.10	1.38	1.40	–	P < 0.0001
Cr	0.0012	0.0021	0.0039	0.0046	0.0035	–	P < 0.001	0.18³⁸^†	0.65	1.15	2.19	2.55	1.97	–	P < 0.001
As	0.024	0.155	0.219	0.204	0.262	–	P < 0.001	0.18³⁹^§	13.2	86.2	121.5	113.3	145.4	–	P < 0.0001
Pb	0.092	0.076	0.063	0.052	0.043	–	P < 0.0001	0.24⁴⁰^§	1.11	1.29	0.90	0.78	0.56	–	P < 0.0001
Al	15.6	18.9	17.4	21.5	19.2	–	P < 0.0001	36³⁹^†	43.2	52.4	48.3	59.7	53.4	–	P < 0.0001
2. Wheat
P	994.5	935.1	807.5	772.6	677.4	554.9	P < 0.05		99.4	93.5	80.8	77.3	67.7	55.5	P < 0.05
Ca	204.3	220.5	85.0	89.0	70.2	91.3	P < 0.0001		20.4	22.1	8.5	8.9	7.0	9.1	P < 0.0001
S	99.3	100.5	122.3	143.9	189.3	213.5	P < 0.0001		54.8	55.5	67.6	79.5	104.6	118.0	P < 0.0001
Fe	4.0	3.5	3.0	2.4	2.1	2.1	P < 0.0001		26.5	23.3	19.7	15.8	14.0	13.7	P < 0.0001
Zn	6.3	4.9	4.2	3.9	3.3	2.8	P < 0.0001		56.9	44.3	38.5	35.4	30.2	25.5	P < 0.0001
Cu	0.62	0.63	0.46	0.33	0.30	0.26	P < 0.0001		31.0	31.6	22.9	16.3	15.1	13.0	P < 0.0001
Mn	0.33	0.28	0.23	0.25	0.25	0.26	P < 0.001		8.2	7.0	5.8	6.3	6.2	6.5	P < 0.001
Si	9.7	13.6	12.6	6.1	4.2	3.4	P < 0.0001		57.2	80.3	74.3	35.9	24.9	20.1	P < 0.0001
Ni	0.040	0.053	0.037	0.022	0.015	0.017	P < 0.0001		8.0	10.6	7.3	4.3	3.1	3.3	P < 0.0001
Li	0.071	0.065	0.035	0.033	0.022	0.010	P < 0.0001		7.1	6.5	3.5	3.3	2.2	1.0	P < 0.0001
V	0.0012	0.0014	0.0009	0.0004	0.0003	0.0002	P < 0.0001		0.102	0.118	0.072	0.036	0.024	0.016	P < 0.0001
Ag	0.028	0.030	0.034	0.036	0.043	0.028	P < 0.01		55.3	60.2	68.7	72.3	85.9	56.0	P < 0.01
Ba	0.056	0.061	0.051	0.074	0.078	0.075	P < 0.0001		0.467	0.509	0.421	0.615	0.654	0.623	P < 0.0001
Sr	0.093	0.103	0.084	0.093	0.122	0.093	P < 0.0001		2.32	2.58	2.10	2.33	3.05	2.33	P < 0.0001
Cr	0.0046	0.0058	0.0046	0.0028	0.0023	0.0022	P < 0.01		2.54	3.21	2.53	1.56	1.28	1.21	P < 0.01
As	0.015	0.020	0.018	0.011	0.006	0.005	P < 0.0001		8.3	11.1	10.2	5.9	3.5	2.5	P < 0.0001
Pb	0.0024	0.0028	0.0011	0.0007	0.0006	0.0004	P < 0.0001		0.99	1.16	0.45	0.31	0.25	0.18	P < 0.0001
Al	17.4	15.4	14.1	15.2	15.3	15.2	P < 0.001		48.2	42.9	39.2	42.1	42.5	42.2	P < 0.001

*Not available for Li, Ag, and Al.
^#nonsignificant.
^∆Based on RDA for methionine (combined with cysteine) for adults set at 1.1 g day⁻¹.
^†Adequate intake (AI) in adults in mg day⁻¹.
^§Tolerable intake (TI) in adults in mg day⁻¹.

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Table 1 Average daily intake (ADI) of the elements by human beings through consumption of rice and wheat grain along succeeding decades and recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the elements. Data are mean (n = 6). Data including RDA are expressed in mg day^-1.

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