Table 2 Pre-experimental soil, biochar, and irrigation characteristics.

pH

8.24

pH

7.05

pH

6.35

SOC (%)

0.40

ECe (dS/m)

1.45

EC (µS/cm)

115

TN (%)

0.020

Volatile matter (%)

40

Carbonates (meq/L)

0.00

EP (mg/kg)

6.12

Fixed carbon (%)

60

Bicarbonates (meq/L)

4.12

AK (mg/kg)

147

TN (%)

0.15

Chloride (meq/L)

0.10

Sand (%)

25

TP (%)

0.05

Ca + Mg (meq/L)

3.20

Silt (%)

40

TK (%)

0.31

Sodium (mg/L)

93

Clay (%)

35

Surface area (m²/g)

450

Texture

Clay loam

CEC (meq/100 g)

500