Table 1 Optimization of reaction conditions for the synthesis of benzaldehyde.
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Entrya | Catalyst (mg/mL) | Oxidant | K2CO3 (mmol) | Solvent | T (°C) | Yield (%) |
1 | – | Air | 1 | EtOH/H2O | 90 | – |
2 | CQDs-TPy (1.2) | Air | 1 | EtOH/H2O | 90 | – |
3 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (0.4) | Air | 1 | EtOH/H2O | 90 | 53 |
4 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (0.8) | Air | 1 | EtOH/H2O | 90 | 69 |
5 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | Air | 1 | EtOH/H2O | 90 | 85 |
6 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | Air | 1 | EtOH/H2O | r.t | 52 |
7 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | Air | 1 | EtOH/H2O | 50 | 66 |
8 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | Air | 1 | Toluene | 90 | 12 |
9 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | Air | 1 | H2O | 90 | 37 |
10 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | Air | 1 | CH3CN/ H2O | 90 | 74 |
11 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | Air | – | EtOH/H2O | 90 | 37 |
12 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | Air | 2 | EtOH/H2O | 90 | 72 |
13 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | H2O2 (1 eq.) | 1 | EtOH/H2O | r.t | 65 |
14 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | H2O2 (2 eq.) | 1 | EtOH/H2O | r.t | 75 |
15 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | H2O2 (3 eq.) | 1 | EtOH/H2O | r.t | 82 |
16 | CQDs-TPy/Pd NPs (1.2) | H2O2 (3 eq.) | 1 | EtOH/H2O | 50 | 91 |
