Table 1 Characteristics and clinical parameters of the subjects enrolled in the study.

From: The biomarkers’ landscape of post-COVID-19 patients can suggest selective clinical interventions

Clinical data (units)

 

IN

OUT

Healthy subjects

pIN-OUT valuea

N

38

–

–

38

–

Sex (F/M)

3/35

  

3/35

–

Age (years)

58.82 ± 10.08

–

–

57.93 ± 11.23

–

Rehabilitation period (days)

24.32 ± 10.85

–

–

–

–

Hospitalization for acute cases (days)

14.30 ± 14.52

–

–

–

–

WHO, severe/critical (n)

17/21

–

–

–

–

Albumin (g/dL)

 

3.62 ± 0.50

3.71 ± 0.32

3.57 ± 0.47

ns

BMI (kg/m2)

 

29.74 ± 6.47

29.26 ± 5.47

25.33 ± 3.51

ns

Weight (kg)

 

90.02 ± 20.99

90.12 ± 21.59

85.68 ± 15.36

ns

Systolic pressure (mmHg)

 

127.57 ± 15.71

125.38 ± 9.48

120.42 ± 17.11

ns

Diastolic pressure (mmHg)

 

79.19 ± 9.82

75.00 ± 5.83

77.22 ± 11.01

0.031

TC (mg/dL)

 

191.90 ± 30.89

182.76 ± 33.21

186.61 ± 27.08

ns

TGs (mg/dL)

 

167.65 ± 70.72

165.76 ± 58.89

134.29 ± 16.04

ns

Glycemia (mg/dL)

 

95.86 ± 28.40

83.00 ± 17.08

81.19 ± 13.24

0.007

Creatinine (mg/dL)

 

0.85 ± 0.29

0.86 ± 0.28

0.79 ± 0.17

ns

Urea (mg/dL)

 

39.00 ± 14.73

33.85 ± 9.38

37.06 ± 6.23

0.009

Uricemia (mg/dL)

 

5.32 ± 1.82

5.51 ± 1.27

5.20 ± 0.56

ns

AST (U/L)

 

24.27 ± 14.62

18.42 ± 12.07

20.19 ± 5.81

1.90 × 10–4

ALT (U/L)

 

63.05 ± 68.13

43.61 ± 48.50

27.26 ± 12.32

8.83 × 10–4

CRP (mg/L)

 

15.05 ± 28.72

3.28 ± 4.78

2.56 ± 1.91

4.22 × 10–6

D-dimer (ng/mL)

 

727.78 ± 684.12

483.34 ± 405.31

319.36 ± 85.57

6.22 × 10–4

Red blood cells (1012/L)

 

4.52 ± 0.66

4.43 ± 0.90

4.81 ± 0.36

ns

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

 

12.78 ± 1.77

12.34 ± 1.97

12.27 ± 2.22

ns

Hematocrit (%)

 

38.98 ± 4.95

38.07 ± 5.73

37.70 ± 4.29

ns

Platelets (109/L)

 

203.40 ± 77.41

190.86 ± 50.89

224.06 ± 24.31

ns

Leucocytes (109/L)

 

8.13 ± 3.24

7.91 ± 3.84

5.70 ± 1.61

ns

PaO2 (mmHg)

 

72.52 ± 13.50

81.11 ± 11.53

–

1.12 × 10–4

PaCO2 (mmHg)

 

35.76 ± 3.14

36.67 ± 2.50

–

ns

pH

 

7.44 ± 0.02

7.44 ± 0.05

–

ns

HCO3 (mEq/L)

 

25.02 ± 1.37

25.87 ± 3.60

–

ns

SpO2 (%)

 

93.95 ± 3.45

96.00 ± 2.03

97.03 ± 1.05

2.53 × 10–4

FEV1 (L)

 

2.29 ± 0.67

2.62 ± 0.66

–

8.86 × 10–6

FEV1 (% predicted)

 

73.11 ± 19.37

82.12 ± 16.88

–

3.85 × 10–5

FVC (L)

 

2.78 ± 0.82

3.24 ± 0.77

–

1.86 × 10–5

FVC (% predicted)

 

70.73 ± 18.92

81.59 ± 15.64

–

2.90 × 10–5

FEV1/FVC

 

82.94 ± 7.09

81.12 ± 6.61

–

0.0026

DLCO (mL/min/mmHg)

 

16.27 ± 6.02

18.77 ± 6.96

–

0.001

DLCO/VA (mL/min/mmHg)

 

3.68 ± 0.76

3.90 ± 0.68

–

9.91 × 10–4

6MWD (m)

 

200.87 ± 133.34

346.11 ± 119.85

526.25 ± 87.89

7.28 × 10–11

CAT

 

26.45 ± 3.52

8.68 ± 4.04

–

7.28 × 10–12

Barthel index

 

77.71 ± 22.31

96.82 ± 7.48

–

2.33 × 10–10

  1. IN and OUT refers to post-COVID patients before (IN) and after (OUT) the rehabilitation program.
  2. WHO World Health Organization class of severity, BMI body-mass index, TC total cholesterol, TGs triglycerides, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, CRP C-reactive protein, HCO3 actual bicarbonate, PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, FEV1 forced expiratory volume during the first second of a forced breath, FVC forced vital capacity, FEV1/FVC ratio between the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) of the lungs, DLCO carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung, 6MWD six-minute walking distance, CAT chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) assessment test questionnaire, Barthel index scale used to measure performance in activities of daily living. The values are reported as mean ± SD.
  3. aIN/OUT clinical parameters tested with paired Wilcoxon signed ranks test (ns not significant).
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