Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of 1005 TT cases in different duration periods from the onset of symptoms to surgery.

From: Analysis of factors associated with delayed diagnosis and treatment of testicular torsion in 1005 cases from Chongqing city, China: a cross-sectional study

 

Total

 < 6 h (n = 239)

6–12 h (n = 168)

12–24 h (n = 66)

 > 24 h (n = 532)

P

Pa

Pb

Pc

Age (years)

     

0.027

0.058

0.003

0.001

  < 12

82(8.1)

11(4.6)

10(6.0)

4(6.1)

57(10.7)

    

 12–18

652(64.9)

158(66.1)

100(59.5)

45(68.2)

349(65.6)

    

 19–30

213(21.2)

59(24.7)

45(26.8)

15(22.7)

94(17.7)

    

  > 30

58(5.8)

11(4.6)

13(7.7)

2(3.0)

32(6.0)

    

Season

     

0.110

0.108

0.852

0.671

 Spring

299(29.8)

69(28.9)

54(32.1)

13(19.7)

163(30.7)

    

 Summer

183(18.2)

35(14.6)

34(20.3)

16(24.2)

98(18.4)

    

 Autumn

184(18.3)

55(23.0)

22(13.1)

17(25.8)

90(16.9)

    

 Winter

339(33.7)

80(33.5)

58(34.5)

20(30.3)

181(34.0)

    

First-diagnosed disease

     

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Testicular torsion

774(77.0)

233(97.5)

147(87.5)

57(86.4)

337(63.4)

    

 Misdiagnosis

231(23.0)

6(2.5)

21(12.5)

9(13.6)

195(36.6)

    

Whether the first-consultan doctor is a urology specialist

     

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Yes

699(69.6)

210(87.9)

126(75.0)

47(71.2)

316(59.4)

    

 No

306(30.4)

29(12.1)

42(25.0)

19(28.8)

216(40.6)

    

Testicular blood flow on color Doppler ultrasound

     

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Decreased

424(42.2)

134(56.1)

95(56.5)

39(59.1)

156(29.3)

    

 Absent

552(54.9)

101(42.2)

68(40.5)

25(37.9)

358(67.3)

    

 Preserved blood flow

29(2.9)

4(1.7)

5(3.0)

2(3.0)

18(3.4)

    

Laterality

     

0.285

0.103

0.082

0.095

 Left

619(61.8)

136(56.9)

101(60.5)

41(63.1)

341(64.2)

    

 Right

383(38.2)

103(43.1)

66(39.5)

24(36.9)

190(35.8)

    

High riding testis

     

0.026

0.012

0.006

0.007

 Positive

841(83.7)

213(89.1)

144(85.7)

55(83.3)

429(80.6)

    

 Negative

164(16.3)

26(10.9)

24(14.3)

11(16.7)

103(19.4)

    

Cremasteric reflex

     

0.243

0.701

1.000

0.380

 Positive

526(52.3)

122(51.0)

91(54.2)

42(63.6)

271(50.9)

    

 Negative

479(47.7)

117(49.0)

77(45.8)

24(36.4)

261(49.1)

    

Urine routine examination

     

0.144

0.094

0.046

0.154

 Positive

73(7.3)

11(4.6)

10(6.0)

7(10.6)

45(8.5)

    

 Negative

932(92.7)

228(95.4)

158(94.0)

59(89.4)

487(91.5)

    

Blood routine examination

     

0.238

0.182

0.091

0.331

 Normal

557(55.4)

123(51.5)

89(53.0)

42(63.6)

303(57.0)

    

 Elevated

448(44.6)

116(48.5)

79(47.0)

24(36.4)

229(43.0)

    

Body temperature

     

0.003

0.001

0.001

0.005

 Normal

920(91.5)

232(97.1)

155(92.3)

59(89.4)

474(89.1)

    

 Fever

85(8.5)

7(2.9)

13(7.7)

7(10.6)

58(10.9)

    

Manual detorsion

     

 < 0.001

0.001

0.001

 < 0.001

 Yes

96(9.6)

37(15.5)

18(10.7)

9(13.6)

32(6.0)

    

 No

909(90.4)

202(84.5)

150(89.3)

57(86.4)

500(94.0)

    

Orchiectomy or not

     

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Yes

532(52.9)

14(5.9)

46(27.4)

35(53.0)

437(82.1)

    

 No

473(47.1)

225(94.1)

122(72.6)

31(47.0)

95(17.9)

    

Type of torsion

     

0.836

0.410

0.365

0.299

 Intra-vaginal

611(60.8)

154(64.4)

104(61.9)

41(62.1)

312(58.6)

    

 Extra-vaginal

341(33.9)

73(30.5)

55(32.7)

21(31.8)

192(36.1)

    

 Between testis and epididymis

53(5.27)

12(5.02)

9(5.36)

4(6.06)

28(5.26)

    

Degree of cord twisting

     

 < 0.001

0.055

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 0–180°

212(21.1)

64(26.8)

54(32.1)

9(13.7)

85(16.0)

    

 181°–360°

427(42.5)

104(43.5)

66(39.3)

28(42.4)

229(43.0)

    

 361°–540°

165(16.4)

30(12.6)

17(10.1)

14(21.2)

104(19.5)

    

 541°–720°

172(17.1)

34(14.2)

28(16.7)

14(21.2)

96(18.0)

    

  > 720°

29(2.9)

7(2.9)

3(1.8)

1(1.5)

18(3.38)

    

Title of the first-consultan doctor

         

 Junior and middle

869

206

139

52

472

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Testicular torsion

651(74.9)

200(97.1)

119(85.6)

43(82.7)

289(61.2)

    

 Misdiagnosis

218(25.1)

6(2.9)

20(14.4)

9(17.3)

183(38.8)

    

Senior

136

33

29

14

60

0.003

0.038

0.010

0.001

 Testicular torsion

123(90.4)

33(100)

28(96.6)

14(100)

48(80.0)

    

 Misdiagnosis

13(9.6)

0(0.00)

1(3.45)

0(0.00)

12(20.0)

    

Class of first-consultant hospital

Primary and secondary health-care unit

444

92

72

26

254

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Testicular torsion

276(62.2)

91(98.9)

58(80.6)

18(69.2)

109(42.9)

    

 Misdiagnosis

168(37.8)

1(1.1)

14(19.4)

8(30.8)

145(57.1)

    

Tertiary health-care unit

561

147

96

40

278

 < 0.001

0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Testicular torsion

498(88.8)

142(96.6)

89(92.7)

39(97.5)

228(82.0)

    

 Misdiagnosis

63(11.2)

5(3.4)

7(7.3)

1(2.5)

50(18.0)

    

Testicular pain

     

0.856

0.525

0.959

0.960

 No

807(80.3)

188(78.7)

138(82.1)

53 (80.3)

428(80.5)

    

 Yes

198(19.7)

51 (21.3)

30 (17.9)

13 (19.7)

104(19.5)

    

Scrotal swelling and pain

     

0.872

0.881

0.498

0.547

 No

237(23.6)

55 (23.0)

36 (21.4)

16 (24.2)

130(24.4)

    

 Yes

768(76.4)

184(77.0)

132 (78.6)

50 (75.8)

402(75.6)

    

Nausea and vomiting

     

0.023

 > 0.999

0.143

0.031

 No

974(96.9)

232(97.1)

158 (94.0)

62 (93.9)

522(98.1)

    

 Yes

31 (3.08)

7 (2.93)

10 (5.95)

4 (6.06)

10 (1.88)

    

Lower abdominal pain

     

0.375

0.239

0.193

0.465

 No

945(94.0)

229(95.8)

159 (94.6)

60 (90.9)

497(93.4)

    

 Yes

60 (6.0)

10 (4.2)

9 (5.4)

6 (9.1)

35 (6.6)

    

Groinpain with mass

     

0.103

0.486

0.254

1.000

 No

952(94.7)

229(95.8)

161 (95.8)

58 (87.9)

504 (94.7)

    

 Yes

53 (5.3)

10 (4.2)

7 (4.2)

8 (12.1)

28 (5.3)

    
  1. aP < 6 h vs ≥ 6 h; bP < 12 h vs ≥ 12 h; cP < 24 h vs ≥ 24 h.
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