Table 2 Multivariable linear mixed modelling of the impact of variables on humoral and cellular responses following COVID-19 vaccination.

From: Immunomodulatory drugs have divergent effects on humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in people living with rheumatoid arthritis

Variable	Effect estimate (± SD)	Parameter	P value^a
Rheumatoid arthritis	− 0.48 ± 0.20	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.05
	− 1.07 ± 0.34	Spike-specific CD4^+b	< 0.05
	0.14 ± 0.41	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.74
Age	− 0.06 ± 0.09	Anti-RBD IgG	0.47
	− 0.09 ± 0.15	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.54
	− 0.22 ± 0.18	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.23
Male sex	− 0.59 ± 0.23	Anti-RBD IgG	0.01
	− 0.46 ± 0.39	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.25
	0.92 ± 0.48	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.06
COVID-19 infection (positive)	0.58 ± 0.17	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.001
	0.49 ± 0.30	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.10
	− 0.001 ± 0.35	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.99
Timepoint^c (compared with 2–6 weeks post dose 2)
3-months post dose 2	− 0.75 ± 0.16	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.001
	− 0.52 ± 0.27	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.06
	− 0.22 ± 0.30	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.47
Pre-dose 3	− 0.88 ± 0.18	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.001
	− 0.62 ± 0.30	Spike-specific CD4⁺	< 0.05
	− 0.07 ± 0.33	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.83
2–6 weeks post dose 3	0.93 ± 0.16	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.001
	0.47 ± 0.27	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.09
	0.61 ± 0.31	Spike-specific CD8⁺	< 0.05
3-months post dose 3	0.69 ± 0.17	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.001
	0.32 ± 0.28	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.25
	0.96 ± 0.32	Spike-specific CD8⁺	< 0.05
Pre dose 4	0.79 ± 0.26	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.05
	0.59 ± 0.43	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.17
	1.04 ± 0.49	Spike-specific CD8⁺	< 0.05
2–6 weeks post dose 4	1.88 ± 0.19	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.001
	0.57 ± 0.32	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.07
	1.67 ± 0.36	Spike-specific CD8⁺	< 0.001
3-months post dose 4	1.51 ± 0.18	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.001
	0.59 ± 0.31	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.05
	1.30 ± 0.34	Spike-specific CD8⁺	< 0.001
Immunomodulatory drugs
Steroids	− 0.34 ± 0.29	Anti-RBD IgG	0.24
	0.04 ± 0.43	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.93
	− 0.83 ± 0.50	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.09
DMARDs	0.04 ± 0.21	Anti-RBD IgG	0.83
	− 0.58 ± 0.33	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.08
	− 0.31 ± 0.37	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.40
TNF inhibitors	− 0.08 ± 0.29	Anti-RBD IgG	0.80
	0.41 ± 0.43	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.34
	0.48 ± 0.50	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.34
JAK inhibitors	− 0.39 ± 0.32	Anti-RBD IgG	0.23
	− 2.57 ± 0.48	Spike-specific CD4⁺	< 0.001
	0.05 ± 0.56	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.93
Costimulation inhibitor	− 0.67 ± 0.30	Anti-RBD IgG	< 0.05
	− 0.60 ± 0.47	Spike-specific CD4⁺	0.21
	− 0.14 ± 0.53	Spike-specific CD8⁺	0.80

^aSignificance cut-off α = 0.05.
^bSpike-specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ refer to T cells.
^cEstimates from mixed model including both controls and participants with RA.

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Table 2 Multivariable linear mixed modelling of the impact of variables on humoral and cellular responses following COVID-19 vaccination.

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