Table 4 Prediction model error comparison.

From: Time-series prediction of settlement deformation in shallow buried tunnels based on EMD-SSA-GRNN model

Measurement points

Predictive model

Training time (s)

MSE (mm2)

RMSE (mm)

MAE (mm2)

R2

Time series

Influencing factors

Time series

Influencing factors

Time series

Influencing factors

Y01-4

GRNN

11.2

0.6407

0.9275

0.8004

0.9631

0.6578

0.7750

0.755

EMD-GRNN

13.5

0.3885

1.0272

0.6233

1.0135

0.5411

0.8716

0.804

SSA-GRNN

16.8

0.1343

0.1343

0.3664

0.3665

0.3189

0.3189

0.851

EMD-SSA-GRNN

18.1

0.0471

0.0762

0.2171

0.2759

0.1797

0.2299

0.975

YK56 + 376

GRNN

9.5

2.6596

3.3801

1.6308

1.8385

1.5858

1.8265

0.742

EMD-GRNN

11.7

6.4696

4.1522

2.5435

2.0377

2.5079

2.0243

0.792

SSA-GRNN

15.2

0.0191

0.0369

0.1383

0.1922

0.1178

0.1494

0.855

EMD-SSA-GRNN

17.4

0.0548

0.0276

0.2342

0.1662

0.2036

0.1388

0.984

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