Table 2 Plant height (PH, cm), panicles per plant (PPP), main panicle length (MPL, cm), main panicle weight (MPW, g), thousand grain weight (TGW, g), biological yield (BY, g plant−1) and grain yield (GY, g plant−1) affected by Se priming under DS conditions.

From: Seed priming with selenium improves growth and yield of quinoa plants suffering drought

Treatments

PH

PPP

MPL

MPW

TGW

BY

GY

Ck

 Se0 (Control)

109.32 ± 5.36 cd

11.12 ± 2.11 bc

17.00 ± 2.53 cde

21.47 ± 3.01 abc

2.75 ± 0.27 bcd

39.11 ± 7.85 bc

15.67 ± 3.28 abc

 Se1 (3.0 mg L−1)

113.27 ± 5.32 a

11.89 ± 2.04 ab

18.24 ± 2.34 a

22.48 ± 3.06 a

2.85 ± 0.26 ab

41.92 ± 7.16 ab

16.00 ± 2.96 ab

 Se2 (6.0 mg L−1)

114.44 ± 3.91 a

12.80 ± 2.01 a

18.53 ± 2.11 a

23.08 ± 3.52 a

2.92 ± 0.26 a

43.85 ± 7.82 a

16.67 ± 3.46 a

 Se3 (9.0 mg L−1)

112.33 ± 5.52 ab

11.50 ± 2.09 b

17.99 ± 2.11 ab

22.14 ± 3.15 ab

2.79 ± 0.25 abc

40.52 ± 7.46 ab

15.33 ± 3.48 bcd

DMLS

 Se0 (Control)

106.30 ± 6.12 f.

8.73 ± 2.24 h

15.90 ± 2.71 ghi

19.64 ± 4.21 de

2.62 ± 0.35 defg

30.28 ± 9.74 g

14.33 ± 3.46 de

 Se1 (3.0 mg L−1)

106.76 ± 6.61 ef

9.13 ± 2.59 fgh

17.46 ± 2.68 bc

20.69 ± 3.99 bcd

2.75 ± 0.35 bcd

31.39 ± 8.74 fg

14.67 ± 4.06 cd

 Se2 (6.0 mg L−1)

107.08 ± 6.36 def

9.35 ± 2.71 efgh

17.86 ± 2.36 ab

22.47 ± 3.75 a

2.76 ± 0.30 bcd

32.58 ± 9.49 fg

15.67 ± 3.76 abc

 Se3 (9.0 mg L−1)

106.11 ± 6.24 f.

8.65 ± 2.48 h

17.15 ± 2.48 cd

20.30 ± 3.92 cde

2.70 ± 0.30 cde

30.47 ± 9.05 g

14.33 ± 3.76 de

DFS

 Se0 (Control)

108.24 ± 5.87 cdef

9.05 ± 2.69 gh

14.77 ± 2.62 k

17.31 ± 4.45 gh

2.48 ± 0.37 gh

34.72 ± 9.99 def

11.00 ± 4.06 hi

 Se1 (3.0 mg L−1)

108.74 ± 6.43 cde

9.78 ± 2.61 efg

15.31 ± 2.74 ijk

19.35 ± 3.07 def

2.60 ± 0.35 efgh

38.95 ± 8.26 bc

13.33 ± 3.48 ef

 Se2 (6.0 mg L−1)

109.19 ± 6.25 cd

10.17 ± 2.82 cde

15.60 ± 2.38 hij

19.78 ± 3.74 de

2.65 ± 0.33 cdef

40.82 ± 9.43 ab

14.33 ± 3.75 de

 Se3 (9.0 mg L−1)

108.13 ± 5.17 cdef

9.50 ± 2.53 efgh

14.95 ± 2.59 jk

18.77 ± 4.13 efg

2.58 ± 0.31 efgh

37.08 ± 9.30 cd

13.00 ± 4.04 fg

DSFS

 Se0 (Control)

109.18 ± 5.76 cd

10.06 ± 2.05 def

14.88 ± 2.76 k

16.98 ± 4.07 h

2.47 ± 0.35 h

30.65 ± 10.27 g

10.67 ± 3.75 i

 Se1 (3.0 mg L−1)

110.39 ± 6.66 bc

11.22 ± 2.29 b

16.39 ± 2.61 efg

17.33 ± 3.85 gh

2.49 ± 0.33 gh

34.74 ± 9.14 def

11.67 ± 3.75 hi

 Se2 (6.0 mg L−1)

113.01 ± 6.22 a

11.75 ± 2.52 b

16.74 ± 2.25 def

17.97 ± 3.74 fgh

2.52 ± 0.31 fgh

36.71 ± 9.61 cde

12.00 ± 4.04 gh

 Se3 (9.0 mg L−1)

110.27 ± 6.39 bc

10.95 ± 2.45 bcd

16.06 ± 2.47 fgh

17.14 ± 3.69 gh

2.49 ± 0.27 gh

33.40 ± 8.75 efg

11.00 ± 4.04 hi

LSD (p ≤ 0.05)

2.28

1.01

0.69

1.63

0.14

3.43

1.24

Significance

Se

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

Drought

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

Se × Drought

ns

ns

ns

ns

ns

ns

ns

  1. Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences; ∗P ≤ 0.05, ∗∗P ≤ 0.01; ns, non-significant. Ck, DMLS, DFS, and DSFS represents control, drought at multiple leaf, flowering, and seed filling stages, correspondingly. Mean values are presented with standard error, SE (n = 4). Means that share the same letter case are not substantially different at 5% probability level.
  2. Significant values are in italics.
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