Figure 1

Flow diagram illustrating the core assumptions and study design of two-sample bidirectional MR analysis. Assumption 1: IVs are closely related to exposure. Assumption 2: IVs are not associated with confounders. Assumption 3: IVs influence the outcome only through the exposure. T1D type 1 diabetes, SLE systemic lupus erythematosus, RA rheumatoid arthritis, MS multiple sclerosis, JIA juvenile idiopathic arthritis, CD celiac disease, PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis, CRC colorectal cancer, AIDs autoimmune diseases.