Table 3 The mycelial growth of A. apis 1.2 on PDA plate for 7 days (n = 9/treatment) of treated honeybee larvae after being inoculated with spores treated in liquid phase and PAW by argon plasma at gas flow rate of 0.25 Lpm for 5 min and 0.50 Lpm for 10 min, respectively.

From: Atmospheric non-thermal plasma inactivation of Ascosphaera apis, the causative agent of chalkbrood disease in honeybee

Treatment

Mycelium growth* (mm)

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Day 5

Day 6

Day 7

Royal jelly (control)

0.00 ± 0.00a

0.00 ± 0.00a

0.00 ± 0.00a

0.00 ± 0.00a

0.00 ± 0.00a

0.00 ± 0.00a

0.00 ± 0.00a

Spore suspension (untreated)

5.14 ± 0.26b

6.89 ± 0.46b

9.75 ± 0.84d

15.26 ± 0.73d

20.73 ± 0.91d

25.39 ± 0.77d

31.86 ± 1.67c

PAW-treated spores

0.41 ± 0.41a

1.68 ± 0.84a

5.28 ± 0.84bc

7.03 ± 1.21bc

8.77 ± 1.39bc

11.10 ± 1.68bc

13.29 ± 1.87b

Plasma-treated spores

0.00 ± 0.00a

0.93 ± 0.62a

4.09 ± 0.80b

5.72 ± 1.10b

6.99 ± 1.37b

9.08 ± 1.80b

11.59 ± 2.32b

Nystatin-treated spores

0.84 ± 0.56a

5.26 ± 0.82b

7.88 ± 0.68 cd

10.39 ± 1.35c

13.80 ± 1.97c

16.66 ± 2.38c

19.09 ± 2.70b

  1. *Different letters indicate significant difference among treatment groups (Kruskal–Wallis test, Steel–Dwass posthoc; p < 0.05).