Figure 5

Economic performance of the forest enterprise under the optimized stand-type allocations from the top-down perspective (a) and additional buffering capacity of top-down planning, i.e., top-down value minus bottom-up value (b). \(CV\!aR\), the Conditional Value at Risk (10 %-quantile) is the maximized objective function; return refers to the expected annuity (annual economic return) and risk to the standard deviation of the annuity in a Monte-Carlo simulation with 10,000 repetitions. The performance is shown for different extreme-event scenarios defined by a damage probability (horizontal axis) assuming an increase in the number of events. Results for an increase in the size of the events were similar, see Supplementary Figure A17.