Figure 2

Assessment of bone healing and regeneration of the rat mandible via inflammatory genes arrays, microcomputed tomography (µCT) and histology when using bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) with and w/o dietary hesperidin (HE). (A) 3D images show increased bone formation with use of BMP2 (dose previously found to induce enough bone regeneration to fuse the defect in this model-1 µg of BMP2, albeit with cyst-like bone formation) compared to collagen scaffold alone. When HE was administered systemically in rats via oral gavage, BMP2 formed bone within the boundaries of the defect only vs. of ectopic or cystic nature with BMP2 w/o HE supplementation. (B) 2D view of coronal cross-section of the mandibles confirmed the 3D image bone profile to be abnormal when BMP2 was used w/o dietary HE as opposed to with HE. HE formed a thick and trabeculate type of bone within the constraints of the defect. (C) There was no statistical difference in BV/TV between defects treated with BMP2 with and w/o HE but both groups are statistically superior in BV (n = 5, p < 0.05, different superscript letters indicate statistical difference among groups) to control scaffold. (D) Histological sections stained with H&E with native mandible bone delineated in red and newly formed bone in dotted yellow. (E) Gene profile of samples collected from BMP2, HE + BMP2 and control scaffold alone (n = 4 scaffold, n = 5 −BMP2, n = 3 scaffold + HE, n = 4 HE + BMP2); blue lettering indicates downregulation, red lettering indicates upregulation, all samples ran in triplicates. (F) Note that the inflammatory infiltrate and blood-filled cavity within bone is histologically evident in BMP2 alone samples (blue arrow). One-way analysis of variance, Tukey’s post hoc test performed for imaging and gene expression parametric data at 95% confidence interval.