Figure 1

Findings on the 12 reported patients, showing functional changes during clinical testing; S1–3 in the top row, S4–6 in the second row, S7–9 in the third row, and S11,12,14 in the fourth row. In S10, 13, and 15, AST did not result in AD termination. Key: The red circles connected by blue lines indicate where arithmetic or spelling was attempted in an effort to stop ADs. Lightning bolts indicate sites with Afterdischarge (AD) spread from sites stimulated; note that ADs often cannot be seen on the stimulated channels due to “blocking”—DC baseline shift of the EEG due to the stimulation. Orange circles indicate where clinical seizures began. When seizure onset or ADs occur from depth electrodes, the same symbols are used as indicated above, but may appear near but not on the depth insertion symbol. The key indicates the type of functional change that occurred with stimulation. Note that purple was used to indicate sites with language changes, except for patients S8 and S14, where purple indicated sites where neglect occurred with stimulation, except that at three sites in patient S14, both language changes and neglect occurred with stimulation. For larger images of stimulation results, see⁴.