Figure 2
From: Electric field modulation of ERK dynamics shows dependency on waveform and timing
Waveform and timing dependency of EF-induced ERK inhibition and activation. (A–D) ERK activities when square, sine, triangle, and sawtooth EF stimulations of the same amplitude and period were applied to the same group of cells. (E–H) ERK activities when triangle waveforms of different duty cycles with ramping time from 4 µs to 10 µs applied to the same group of cells. (I–K) Response of ERK when interval time between individual pulses changed from 0 to 100 µs for the same group of cells. The dash lines mark the starting time of the EF stimulations, and the duration of EF stimulations was 3 min. All experiments were repeated with a fresh batch of cells to confirm the results. In all the plots on the left sides, the red traces and the light red shadow denote mean ± standard deviation. The heatmaps on the right sides show the time evolution of the ERKTR ratios from individual cells that are used to calculate the average.
