Table 1 Comparison results (RSE, RAE, and CORR) of eGRU and baseline methods on four multivariate time series data: (1) Each row represents the results of a method in terms of a specific metric. (2) Each column represents the results of a specific horizon for each dataset. (3) The best results in the table are shown in bold. .
From: A novel extreme adaptive GRU for multivariate time series forecasting
Method | Dataset | Solar-energy | Traffic | Electricity | Exchange-rate | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizon | 3 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 24 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 24 | |
RNN | RSE | 0.1988 | 0.2744 | 0.4282 | 0.7353 | 0.5642 | 0.5751 | 0.5871 | 0.5981 | 0.1437 | 0.1686 | 0.1476 | 0.1559 | 0.0930 | 0.1227 | 0.1494 | 0.1768 |
RAE | 0.123 | 0.1758 | 0.3386 | 0.7064 | 0.4432 | 0.4504 | 0.4659 | 0.4892 | 0.0914 | 0.1023 | 0.1019 | 0.0967 | 0.0893 | 0.1159 | 0.1367 | 0.1613 | |
CORR | 0.9815 | 0.9649 | 0.9084 | 0.6808 | 0.8286 | 0.8234 | 0.8095 | 0.8013 | 0.8429 | 0.8146 | 0.8117 | 0.8404 | 0.9652 | 0.9413 | 0.927 | 0.8261 | |
LSTM | RSE | 0.204 | 0.2706 | 0.3635 | 0.5394 | 0.5371 | 0.5567 | 0.5696 | 0.5583 | 0.1271 | 0.1348 | 0.1407 | 0.1673 | 0.1291 | 0.1697 | 0.1894 | 0.2079 |
RAE | 0.1253 | 0.1766 | 0.2453 | 0.4118 | 0.4041 | 0.4209 | 0.4461 | 0.431 | 0.0887 | 0.089 | 0.0930 | 0.0955 | 0.1307 | 0.166 | 0.1799 | 0.1946 | |
CORR | 0.9804 | 0.9648 | 0.9341 | 0.8604 | 0.8453 | 0.8374 | 0.8242 | 0.8313 | 0.8289 | 0.8343 | 0.8254 | 0.8325 | 0.8538 | 0.8797 | 0.7184 | 0.5754 | |
GRU | RSE | 0.2007 | 0.2712 | 0.3636 | 0.4997 | 0.5512 | 0.5767 | 0.568 | 0.5723 | 0.1236 | 0.1457 | 0.1379 | 0.1559 | 0.0781 | 0.1043 | 0.1247 | 0.152 |
RAE | 0.1298 | 0.1894 | 0.2734 | 0.3551 | 0.4269 | 0.4597 | 0.4497 | 0.4627 | 0.0888 | 0.097 | 0.0959 | 0.0984 | 0.0753 | 0.0980 | 0.1143 | 0.1375 | |
CORR | 0.9813 | 0.9656 | 0.9349 | 0.8758 | 0.8391 | 0.824 | 0.8249 | 0.8219 | 0.8302 | 0.8313 | 0.8124 | 0.8328 | 0.9721 | 0.9558 | 0.9316 | 0.8963 | |
SkipGRU | RSE | 0.2187 | 0.2659 | 0.3813 | 0.4822 | 0.5409 | 0.55 | 0.5632 | 0.5665 | 0.1463 | 0.172 | 0.274 | 0.1552 | 0.0848 | 0.1117 | 0.138 | 0.1391 |
RAE | 0.1389 | 0.1836 | 0.2745 | 0.3403 | 0.417 | 0.4235 | 0.4448 | 0.4574 | 0.0975 | 0.109 | 0.1486 | 0.0974 | 0.0806 | 0.102 | 0.124 | 0.1515 | |
CORR | 0.9775 | 0.9665 | 0.926 | 0.8822 | 0.8427 | 0.8382 | 0.8298 | 0.825 | 0.8256 | 0.8151 | 0.676 | 0.8349 | 0.9614 | 0.9555 | 0.9301 | 0.8927 | |
ZLSTM | RSE | 0.2525 | 0.3201 | 0.4877 | 0.7661 | 0.5556 | 0.6036 | 0.5821 | 0.5839 | 0.1472 | 0.1764 | 0.1427 | 0.1688 | 0.1437 | 0.1591 | 0.1597 | 0.1751 |
RAE | 0.1557 | 0.2334 | 0.3762 | 0.7344 | 0.4154 | 0.4618 | 0.4493 | 0.4508 | 0.09874 | 0.1096 | 0.1015 | 0.1002 | 0.1361 | 0.1516 | 0.1493 | 0.1625 | |
CORR | 0.9702 | 0.9494 | 0.874 | 0.6377 | 0.8381 | 0.7977 | 0.8209 | 0.8129 | 0.7747 | 0.7706 | 0.7844 | 0.8013 | 0.8722 | 0.8166 | 0.805 | 0.7216 | |
PLSTM | RSE | 0.2048 | 0.2799 | 0.3534 | 0.4944 | 0.5301 | 0.5481 | 0.5544 | 0.576 | 0.1476 | 0.1372 | 0.1465 | 0.1531 | 0.1463 | 0.1817 | 0.1949 | 0.2065 |
RAE | 0.1236 | 0.18 | 0.2381 | 0.3459 | 0.3962 | 0.4107 | 0.4317 | 0.4556 | 0.0905 | 0.0909 | 0.0968 | 0.0922 | 0.1373 | 0.1641 | 0.1764 | 0.1913 | |
CORR | 0.9803 | 0.9637 | 0.9382 | 0.8681 | 0.8488 | 0.8426 | 0.8342 | 0.8191 | 0.823 | 0.8248 | 0.8049 | 0.8263 | 0.9235 | 0.814 | 0.7566 | 0.5652 | |
IndRNN | RSE | 0.2074 | 0.2829 | 0.4619 | 0.6589 | 0.6445 | 0.7004 | 0.6493 | 0.6388 | 0.1361 | 0.1843 | 0.1715 | 0.1525 | 0.0939 | 0.0986 | 0.1223 | 0.1588 |
RAE | 0.127 | 0.2018 | 0.4111 | 0.6252 | 0.553 | 0.6544 | 0.5502 | 0.5408 | 0.09591 | 0.1177 | 0.1124 | 0.0938 | 0.0876 | 0.0884 | 0.1107 | 0.1438 | |
CORR | 0.9797 | 0.9624 | 0.8958 | 0.7557 | 0.7883 | 0.7728 | 0.7839 | 0.7817 | 0.8179 | 0.8098 | 0.801 | 0.8437 | 0.8651 | 0.9006 | 0.8606 | 0.7551 | |
mLSTM | RSE | 0.1997 | 0.25 | 0.3295 | 0.4429 | 0.5251 | 0.5726 | 0.5542 | 0.5527 | 0.1214 | 0.13 | 0.1327 | 0.1571 | 0.1329 | 0.1657 | 0.1924 | 0.2215 |
RAE | 0.1174 | 0.1543 | 0.216 | 0.3103 | 0.389 | 0.4359 | 0.4259 | 0.418 | 0.0842 | 0.0869 | 0.0926 | 0.0956 | 0.1278 | 0.1556 | 0.1766 | 0.2071 | |
CORR | 0.9812 | 0.9697 | 0.9454 | 0.897 | 0.8535 | 0.8353 | 0.836 | 0.8344 | 0.8278 | 0.8413 | 0.8152 | 0.8121 | 0.9162 | 0.8453 | 0.6581 | 0.5488 | |
hsnLSTM | RSE | 0.2065 | 0.2514 | 0.3401 | 0.4610 | 0.5526 | 0.5881 | 0.5777 | 0.5841 | 0.1493 | 0.141 | 0.1554 | 0.1238 | 0.2543 | 0.2724 | 0.2716 | 0.2608 |
RAE | 0.1276 | 0.1657 | 0.2526 | 0.3889 | 0.4539 | 0.5024 | 0.4927 | 0.49 | 0.0970 | 0.0964 | 0.1044 | 0.0905 | 0.2313 | 0.2513 | 0.2497 | 0.237 | |
CORR | 0.9797 | 0.9698 | 0.943 | 0.8869 | 0.8425 | 0.8206 | 0.8292 | 0.8211 | 0.816 | 0.819 | 0.7821 | 0.7984 | 0.6624 | 0.5265 | 0.4638 | 0.5553 | |
eGRU | RSE | 0.2072 | 0.2912 | 0.3922 | 0.4717 | 0.4342 | 0.4583 | 0.4668 | 0.4722 | 0.0795 | 0.0872 | 0.0959 | 0.1004 | 0.0272 | 0.0309 | 0.0408 | 0.0598 |
RAE | 0.1215 | 0.1907 | 0.2575 | 0.3292 | 0.2702 | 0.2934 | 0.2990 | 0.2984 | 0.0520 | 0.0544 | 0.0572 | 0.0583 | 0.0208 | 0.0255 | 0.0339 | 0.0507 | |
CORR | 0.9796 | 0.9570 | 0.9199 | 0.8774 | 0.8929 | 0.8802 | 0.8752 | 0.8725 | 0.9166 | 0.9008 | 0.8848 | 0.8836 | 0.9792 | 0.9707 | 0.9560 | 0.9338 |