Table 1 Mineral assemblages, fluid characteristics, and formation age of the different mineralization stages in the Weilasituo and Bairendaba mining areas.

Metals and grade

0.8% Sn, 0.83% WO_3, 2.59% Zn, 1.25% Li₂O

5% Zn, 0.8% Cu and 75 g/t Ag

0.7% Cu, 250 g/t Ag, 4.8% Pb, and 6.02% Zn

Mineral association

Cassiterite, wolframite, sphalerite, molybdenite, Fe–Li mica

Sphalerite and chalcopyrite

Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena

Strike_and_dip

Strike 25°–41°, SE115°–131° inclin, dip 11–54°

Strike to E–W and dips 8–35° to the north

Strike to E–W and dips 8–50° to the north

Wall rock

Mainly biotite plagioclase gneiss

Quartz diorite and biotite plagioclase gneiss

Quartz diorite and biotite plagioclase gneiss

Fluid temperature

208–367 °C, with salinities of 3.9–8.0 wt% NaClequiv

192–372 °C, with salinities of 4.3–8.7 wt% NaClequiv

176–317 °C, with salinities of 5.3–8.8 wt% NaClequiv

Fluid composition

H₂O; CH₄: CO₂

H₂O; CH₄: CO₂

H₂O; CH₄: CO₂

H–O isotopes

δD_V–SMOW = − 109  to  − 79‰; δ¹⁸O_{H2O(v–SMOW)} =  + 2.3 to + 4.0‰

δD_V–SMOW = − 139  to  − 88; δ¹⁸O_{H2O(v–SMOW)} =  + 1.2 to + 5.5‰

δD_V–SMOW = − 132  to  − 104; δ¹⁸O_{H2O(v–SMOW)} =  + 3.3 to + 6.0‰

Fluid sources

Magmatic and evolved by mixing with local meteoric water

Magmatic and evolved by mixing with local meteoric water

Magmatic and evolved by mixing with local meteoric water

S-Pb isotopes

δ³⁴S* = − 4.9‰  to  − 2.5‰; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.34, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.56, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.23⁶

δ³⁴S = − 3.0‰ to  + 3.4‰; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.33, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.55, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.24⁵

δ³⁴S = − 4.0‰ ~  + 3.8‰; ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.37, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.57, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.29⁵⁵

Source of ore-forming materials

Mainly deep magma

Magma mixed with wall rock material

Magma mixed with wall rock material

Ages

138 ± 6 Ma  to  135 ± 6 Ma (cassiterite U–Pb SHRIMP dating)¹; 129 ± 4.6 Ma (Molybdenite Re-Os dating)⁴

129.5 ± 0.9 Ma (Ar–Ar plateau age of mica)²

135 ± 3 Ma (Ar–Ar plateau age of mica)⁸⁶