Table 1 Linear regression analysis of regional excess mortality rates and pre-pandemic life expectancy.

From: Inequalities in regional excess mortality and life expectancy during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

2020

2021

2022

2020–2022

Panel A

 Pre-pandemic life expectancy

 − 70.4***

 − 425.4***

 − 25.6

 − 521.3***

(19.0)

(28.1)

(17.4)

(55.8)

 Country FE

No

No

No

No

 R-squared

0.06

0.69

0.01

0.42

 N

201

201

201

201

Panel B

 Pre-pandemic life expectancy

62.0

 − 133.3***

24.8

 − 46.5

(54.0)

(37.8)

(50.1)

(95.4)

 Country FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

 R-squared

0.50

0.92

0.63

0.81

 N

201

201

201

201

  1. Dependent variable: regional excess mortality rate (excess mortality per million population). Excess mortality rates reflect the difference between the observed and predicted mortality rates. Predicted mortality rates are projected from the observed mortality rates between 2015 and 2019. The projection accounts for seasonality and linear time trends in mortality rates. The excess mortality of the total population is the weighted average of the age-specific excess mortality rates, where the weights are the population shares of the age groups on January 1. Pre-pandemic life expectancy is defined as the average life expectancy over 2015–2019. Heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors are in parentheses.
  2. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
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