Table 8 The association of various BQ ingredients with OPMD or OC.

From: Prevalence and risk factors of oral potentially malignant disorders in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study undertaken in 5 provinces

Level A

Level B

Odds Ratio

95% CI

P-Value

BQ + tobacco

BQ-L

*10.2

(1.7, 62.3)

 < 0.05

BQ-SI

BQ-L

*4.2

(1.5, 11.6)

 < 0.05

BQ-SI + To

BQ-L

1.3

(0.1, 10.2)

NS

Betel leaf

BQ-L

0.2

(0.02, 2.4)

NS

Other

BQ-L

0.2

(0.019, 1.9)

NS

Not chewing BQ

BQ-L

0.2

(0.09, 0.6)

 < 0.05

BQ-SI

BQ-L + Tobacco

0.4

(0.06, 2.8)

NS

BQ-SI

BQ-L + Tobacco

0.1

(0.01, 1.5

NS

Betel leaf

BQ-L + Tobacco

0.0

(0.002, 0.3)

 < 0.05

Other

BQ-L + Tobacco

0.0

(0.001, 0.3)

 < 0.05

Not chewing BQ

BQ-L + Tobacco

0.0

(0.004, 0.1)

 < 0.05

BQ-SI + Tobacco

BQ-SI

0.3

(0.04, 2.1)

NS

Betel leaf

BQ-SI

0.1

(0.006, 0.5)

 < 0.05

Other

BQ-SI

0.0

(0.005, 0.4)

 < 0.05

Not chewing BQ

BQ-SI

0.1

(0.03, 0.1)

 < 0.05

Betel leaf

BQ-SI + Tobacco

0.2

(0.01, 3.1)

NS

Other

BQ-SI + Tobacco

0.1

(0.009, 2.5)

NS

Not chewing BQ

BQ-SI + Tobacco

0.2

(0.03, 1.1)

NS

Other

Betel Leaf

0.9

(0.04, 17.5)

NS

Not chewing BQ

Betel Leaf

1.0

(0.1, 8.9)

NS

Not chewing BQ

Other

1.2

(0.1, 9.7)

NS

  1. Odds ratio for level A relative to level B, NS = Not significant.
  2. BQ-L = areca nut, slaked lime, and Betel Leaf.
  3. BQ-SI = areca nut, slaked lime, and Betel Stem Inflorescence (only consumed in WP).
  4. Others = other ingredients apart from areca nut, slaked lime, betel leaf, betel stem inflorescence and tobacco.
  5. Significantly different values are in bold.
  6. Not significantly different values are in italic.