Figure 3

Whole-body angular momentum (WBAM) in the Sagittal (Z) and Frontal (X) planes during unperturbed Level (solid black line), Downhill (dashed black line), and Uphill (dotted black line) walking. The vertical shaded areas indicate significant differences between waveform data of Level, Downhill, and Uphill, as determined by a one-way repeated measures ANOVA SPM. Below the curves, the horizontal lines represent post-hoc results with corrected \(\mathrm{\alpha }\) <0.0167, where the blue bar indicates a significant difference observed in pairwise comparison between level and downhill, the red bar indicates a significant difference between level and uphill, and the gray lines indicate significant differences between uphill and downhill. The vertical dashed lines denote gait events namely: ipsilateral heel strike (iHS), contralateral toe off (cTO), contralateral heel strike (cHS), ipsilateral toe off (iTO). More detailed results of the SPM ANOVA and post-hoc tests can be found in the supplementary material Table S1 and Table S2.