Figure 4

Whole-body angular momentum (WBAM) in (a) sagittal and (b) frontal planes during unperturbed (solid black curve), perturbed slip (red curve), and perturbed trip (blue curve) conditions. The shaded vertical areas indicate significant differences between waveform data of Unperturbed, Slip, and Trip Perturbations, as determined by a one-way repeated measures ANOVA (SPM results) for downhill, level, and uphill walking with perturbation type as the independent variable. Below the curves, horizontal lines represent post-hoc results with corrected \(\mathrm{\alpha }\) <0.0167. The blue bar indicates a significant difference between unperturbed and trip conditions, the red bar signifies a significant difference between unperturbed and slip conditions, and gray lines represent significant differences between Slip and Trip perturbations. Vertical dashed lines denote gait events, specifically: ipsilateral heel strike (iHS), contralateral toe off (cTO), contralateral heel strike (cHS), and ipsilateral toe off (iTO).