Table 2 Sociodemographic, and Disease history characteristics of participants with dietary flavonol intake.
Characteristics | Study participants No. (%) | Total flavonol (mg/day) | Isorhamnetin (mg/day) | Kaempferol (mg/day) | Myricetin (mg/day) | Quercetin (mg/day) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 [0, 5.81] | Q2 (5.81, 12.51] | Q3 (12.51, 23.99] | Q4 (23.99, 288.14] | Q1 [0, 0] | Q2 (0, 0.36] | Q3 (0.36, 1.13] | Q4 (1.13, 51.35] | Q1 [0, 0.53] | Q2 (0.53, 2.09] | Q3 (2.09, 6.18] | Q4 (6.18, 110.93] | Q1 [0, 0.19] | Q2 (0.19, 0.51] | Q3 (0.51, 1.6] | Q4 (1.6, 79.76] | Q1 [0, 3.36] | Q2 (3.36, 7.74] | Q3 (7.74, 15.07] | Q4 (15.07, 196.51] | ||
Age, No. (%), years | |||||||||||||||||||||
20–29 | 1879 (16.09) | 532 (22.65) | 509 (20.70) | 462 (18.11) | 376 (15.72) | 554 (21.64) | 452 (19.45) | 479 (19.63) | 394 (15.80) | 555 (22.84) | 432 (17.70) | 451 (18.72) | 441 (17.60) | 701 (29.21) | 475 (19.62) | 354 (14.92) | 349 (14.08) | 561 (23.96) | 521 (21.62) | 420 (16.41) | 377 (15.23) |
30–39 | 1942 (16.63) | 489 (18.12) | 457 (16.11) | 500 (18.62) | 496 (18.57) | 488 (16.75) | 450 (17.41) | 487 (17.95) | 517 (19.32) | 478 (17.30) | 489 (18.51) | 454 (16.16) | 521 (19.33) | 565 (20.41) | 490 (18.37) | 454 (16.55) | 433 (16.51) | 502 (18.97) | 484 (16.93) | 466 (16.83) | 490 (18.78) |
40–49 | 2003 (17.15) | 471 (19.63) | 493 (18.93) | 487 (19.27) | 552 (19.50) | 529 (19.86) | 469 (19.43) | 473 (17.81) | 532 (20.15) | 499 (19.64) | 448 (17.98) | 496 (19.16) | 560 (20.32) | 460 (18.18) | 509 (20.00) | 500 (19.83) | 534 (19.26) | 475 (19.52) | 486 (18.23) | 517 (20.93) | 525 (18.67) |
50–59 | 1912 (16.37) | 417 (16.25) | 450 (18.48) | 502 (19.82) | 543 (22.04) | 476 (18.12) | 413 (18.27) | 494 (19.43) | 529 (21.27) | 438 (17.90) | 446 (16.44) | 471 (19.96) | 557 (22.16) | 397 (14.45) | 453 (16.22) | 514 (23.00) | 548 (22.66) | 444 (16.93) | 437 (18.14) | 489 (19.69) | 542 (22.01) |
60–69 | 2013 (17.24) | 481 (11.49) | 494 (13.95) | 506 (13.19) | 532 (14.18) | 516 (11.96) | 466 (12.74) | 501 (14.34) | 530 (14.04) | 463 (11.83) | 538 (15.64) | 530 (13.10) | 482 (12.67) | 405 (9.24) | 539 (14.02) | 507 (13.87) | 562 (15.42) | 469 (10.46) | 471 (13.43) | 534 (14.04) | 539 (14.80) |
70–79 | 1275 (10.92) | 341 (7.70) | 324 (7.64) | 296 (7.18) | 314 (7.84) | 352 (7.65) | 315 (8.64) | 312 (7.43) | 296 (6.78) | 335 (6.84) | 344 (8.82) | 331 (8.70) | 265 (6.24) | 264 (5.51) | 329 (7.55) | 338 (8.14) | 344 (8.88) | 303 (6.75) | 331 (7.49) | 310 (7.88) | 331 (8.15) |
≥ 80 | 655 (5.61) | 191 (4.17) | 193 (4.18) | 164 (3.80) | 107 (2.15) | 208 (4.03) | 169 (4.07) | 155 (3.40) | 123 (2.64) | 166 (3.66) | 209 (4.92) | 190 (4.21) | 90 (1.68) | 146 (3.01) | 188 (4.22) | 172 (3.70) | 149 (3.19) | 165 (3.41) | 194 (4.17) | 182 (4.22) | 114 (2.37) |
P value | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.004 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||||||||
Sex, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Male | 5816 (49.78) | 1251 (40.78) | 1378 (47.22) | 1505 (51.35) | 1682 (55.84) | 1608 (50.33) | 1200 (43.84) | 1374 (47.12) | 1634 (54.75) | 1319(44.44) | 1252 (42.46) | 1471 (48.24) | 1774 (59.29) | 1299 (44.47) | 1440 (46.49) | 1617 (56.20) | 1460 (49.16) | 1375 (46.25) | 1404 (47.24) | 1421 (49.02) | 1616 (53.65) |
Female | 5863 (50.22) | 1671 (59.22) | 1542 (52.78) | 1412 (48.65) | 1238 (44.16) | 1515 (49.67) | 1534 (56.16) | 1527 (52.88) | 1287 (45.25) | 1615(55.56) | 1654 (57.54) | 1452 (51.76) | 1142 (40.71) | 1639 (55.53) | 1543 (53.51) | 1222 (43.80) | 1459 (50.84) | 1544 (53.75) | 1520 (52.76) | 1497 (50.98) | 1302 (46.35) |
P value | 0.046 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||||||||
Race/Ethnicity, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 5554 (47.56) | 1314 (67.57) | 1345 (69.05) | 1353 (69.30) | 1542 (74.76) | 1531 (70.84) | 1305 (70.85) | 1342 (68.95) | 1376 (70.77) | 1319 (67.14) | 1312 (68.07) | 1368 (69.75) | 1555 (75.35) | 1168 (62.69) | 1327 (67.77) | 1463 (74.15) | 1596 (75.55) | 1273 (66.69) | 1412 (70.42) | 1354 (69.63) | 1515 (74.13) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 2209 (18.91) | 675 (13.58) | 564(10.61) | 541 (9.78) | 429 (6.78) | 768 (13.19) | 561 (10.99) | 491(9.35) | 389 (6.58) | 685 (13.89) | 446 (8.71) | 565 (9.88) | 513 (8.05) | 796 (16.11) | 572 (10.65) | 359 (6.23) | 482 (7.81) | 711 (14.06) | 548 (10.41) | 537 (9.29) | 413 (6.87) |
Mexican American | 1895 (16.23) | 464 (8.12) | 490 (8.58) | 506 (8.66) | 435 (7.25) | 344 (5.71) | 413 (7.45) | 522 (8.99) | 616 (10.35) | 448 (7.97) | 632 (10.84) | 434 (7.64) | 381 (6.50) | 488 (9.12) | 544 (9.56) | 540 (9.09) | 323 (5.21) | 459 (8.24) | 472 (8.35) | 486 (8.12) | 478 (7.84) |
Other | 2021 (17.30) | 469 (10.73) | 521 (11.76) | 517 (12.25) | 514 (11.21) | 480 (10.26) | 455 (10.71) | 546 (12.72) | 540 (12.30) | 482 (11.00) | 516 (12.39) | 556 (12.73) | 467 (10.10) | 486 (12.09) | 540 (12.01) | 477 (10.52) | 518 (11.44) | 476 (11.02) | 492 (10.82) | 541 (12.96) | 512 (11.16) |
P value | 0.004 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||||||||
Marital status, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Unmarried or other | 4569 (39.12) | 1307 (41.02) | 1162 (35.66) | 1113 (34.88) | 987 (32.05) | 1385 (39.46) | 1113 (38.38) | 1126 (34.75) | 945 (30.35) | 1304 (41.01) | 1095 (33.37) | 1125 (36.20) | 1045 (32.76) | 1361 (42.62) | 1166 (36.16) | 1013 (33.22) | 1029 (31.70) | 1303 (41.31) | 1202 (37.65) | 1110 (34.70) | 954 (29.96) |
Married or living with a partner | 7110 (60.88) | 1615 (58.98) | 1758 (64.34) | 1804 (65.12) | 1933 (67.95) | 1738 (60.54) | 1621 (61.62) | 1775 (65.25) | 1976 (69.65) | 1630 (58.99) | 1811 (66.63) | 1798 (63.80) | 1871 (67.24) | 1577 (57.38) | 1817 (63.84) | 1826 (66.78) | 1890 (68.30) | 1616 (58.69) | 1722 (62.35) | 1808 (65.30) | 1964 (70.04) |
P value | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||||||||
< HS | 2887 (24.72) | 860 (19.06) | 725 (15.31) | 688 (13.92) | 614 (13.16) | 839 (17.36) | 645 (13.84) | 712 (15.29) | 691 (14.20) | 856 (18.47) | 781 (17.15) | 645 (13.35) | 605 (12.66) | 832 (18.65) | 791 (16.09) | 720 (15.36) | 544 (11.49) | 892 (19.79) | 700 (14.96) | 683 (13.30) | 612 (13.35) |
≥ HS | 8792 (75.28) | 2062 (80.94) | 2195 (84.69) | 2229 (86.08) | 2306 (86.84) | 2284 (82.64) | 2089 (86.16) | 2189 (84.71) | 2230 (85.80) | 2078(81.53) | 2125(82.85) | 2278 (86.65) | 2311 (87.34) | 2106 (81.35) | 2192 (83.91) | 2119 (84.64) | 2375 (88.51) | 2027 (80.21) | 2224 (85.04) | 2235 (86.70) | 2306 (86.65) |
P value | 0.005 | < 0.001 | 0.005 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||||||||
Poverty income ratio, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Below poverty line (< 1.00) | 2270 (19.44) | 693 (16.07) | 581(13.06) | 509 (11.62) | 487 (10.37) | 708 (15.21) | 517 (12.51) | 546 (12.06) | 499 (10.70) | 687 (15.92) | 572(13.24) | 515 (11.29) | 496 (10.68) | 711 (17.23) | 576 (12.45) | 530 (11.84) | 453 (9.71) | 724 (16.95) | 578 (13.41) | 495 (10.46) | 473 (10.30) |
At or above poverty line (≥ 1.00) | 9409 (80.56) | 2229 (83.93) | 2339 (86.94) | 2408 (88.38) | 2433 (89.63) | 2415 (84.79) | 2217 (87.49) | 2355 (87.94) | 2422 (89.30) | 2247 (84.08) | 2334 (86.76) | 2408 (88.71) | 2420(89.32) | 2227 (82.77) | 2407 (87.55) | 2309 (88.16) | 2466 (90.29) | 2195 (83.05) | 2346 (86.59) | 2423 (89.54) | 2445 (89.70) |
P value | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||||||||||
Alcohol consumption, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
No | 1471 (12.6) | 431 (11.67) | 409 (10.72) | 330 (9.00) | 301 (7.20) | 425 (11.10) | 360 (10.03) | 378 (9.58) | 308 (7.47) | 423 (11.31) | 437 (11.69) | 368 (9.85) | 243 (6.06) | 483 (13.31) | 369 (9.97) | 266 (6.62) | 353 (8.64) | 387 (10.49) | 386 (10.19) | 364 (9.31) | 334 (8.30) |
Yes | 10,208 (87.4) | 2491 (88.33) | 2511 (89.28) | 2587 (91.00) | 2619 (92.80) | 2698 (88.90) | 2374 (89.97) | 2523 (90.42) | 2613 (92.53) | 2511(88.69) | 2469(88.31) | 2555 (90.15) | 2673 (93.94) | 2455 (86.69) | 2614 (90.03) | 2573 (93.38) | 2566 (91.36) | 2532 (89.51) | 2538 (89.81) | 2554 (90.69) | 2584 (91.70) |
P value | 0.002 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.070 | |||||||||||||||
BMI, No. (%), kg/m2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
18.5–30.0 | 6957 (59.57) | 1613 (54.90) | 1724 (58.86) | 1835 (64.30) | 1785 (63.50) | 1794 (57.71) | 1646 (61.56) | 1779 (61.33) | 1738 (62.01) | 1653 (56.99) | 1704 (58.89) | 1773 (61.89) | 1827 (63.81) | 1601 (54.41) | 1795 (60.81) | 1791 (63.72) | 1770 (62.80) | 1651 (56.94) | 1736 (58.88) | 1818 (63.51) | 1752 (62.61) |
< 18.5 | 168 (1.44) | 45 (1.63) | 42 (1.71) | 41 (1.32) | 40 (1.29) | 48 (1.26) | 40 (1.58) | 45 (1.81) | 35 (1.30) | 42 (1.41) | 38 (1.86) | 39 (1.31) | 49 (1.38) | 55 (2.25) | 31 (1.19) | 40 (1.28) | 42 (1.27) | 46 (1.58) | 44 (1.69) | 41 (1.31) | 37 (1.36) |
≥ 30.0 | 4554 (38.99) | 1264 (43.47) | 1154 (39.43) | 1041 (34.38) | 1095 (35.20) | 1281 (41.03) | 1048 (36.86) | 1077 (36.86) | 1148 (36.70) | 1239 (41.60) | 1164 (39.25) | 1111 (36.80) | 1040 (34.82) | 1282 (43.34) | 1157 (38.00) | 1008 (35.00) | 1107 (35.93) | 1222 (41.48) | 1144(39.43) | 1059 (35.18) | 1129 (36.03) |
P value | 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.063 | 0.011 | < 0.001 | 0.010 | |||||||||||||||
History of DM, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
No | 8467 (72.5) | 2050 (76.45) | 2117 (78.38) | 2154 (78.95) | 2146 (77.71) | 2233 (76.94) | 1995 (78.15) | 2144 (80.26) | 2095 (76.43) | 2051 (75.93) | 2075 (77.67) | 2151 (78.72) | 2190 (78.98) | 2097 (77.83) | 2150 (77.58) | 2094 (78.80) | 2126 (77.45) | 2088 (78.15) | 2123 (78.33) | 2123 (78.12) | 2133 (77.10) |
Yes | 3212 (27.5) | 872 (23.55) | 803 (21.62) | 763 (21.05) | 774 (22.29) | 890 (23.06) | 739 (21.85) | 757 (19.74) | 826 (23.57) | 883 (24.07) | 831 (22.33) | 772 (21.28) | 726 (21.02) | 841 (22.17) | 833 (22.42) | 745 (21.20) | 793 (22.55) | 831 (21.85) | 801 (21.67) | 795 (21.88) | 785 (22.90) |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.408 | 0.031 | 0.082 | 0.760 | 0.731 | |||||||||||||||
History of hypertension, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
No | 6718 (57.52) | 1607 (61.36) | 1683 (64.01) | 1717 (64.11) | 1711 (63.56) | 1702 (60.89) | 1592 (63.99) | 1728 (65.73) | 1696 (62.86) | 1646 (61.74) | 1639 (62.10) | 1700 (64.64) | 1733 (64.40) | 1721 (63.15) | 1710 (64.57) | 1628 (62.77) | 1659 (62.85) | 1648 (63.28) | 1669 (63.08) | 1681 (62.66) | 1720 (64.17) |
Yes | 4961 (42.48) | 1315 (38.64) | 1237 (35.99) | 1200 (35.89) | 1209 (36.44) | 1421 (39.11) | 1142 (36.01) | 1173 (34.27) | 1225 (37.14) | 1288 (38.26) | 1267 (37.90) | 1223 (35.36) | 1183 (35.60) | 1217 (36.85) | 1273 (35.43) | 1211 (37.23) | 1260 (37.15) | 1271 (36.72) | 1255 (36.92) | 1237 (37.34) | 1198 (35.83) |
P value | 0.014 | 0.343 | 0.032 | 0.0743 | 0.644 | 0.820 | |||||||||||||||
History of hyperlipidemia, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
No | 3104 (26.58) | 710 (25.78) | 772 (28.50) | 841 (30.68) | 781 (29.14) | 803 (27.41) | 742 (29.97) | 789 (29.16) | 770 (28.08) | 735 (26.68) | 725 (27.97) | 793 (28.74) | 851 (30.57) | 801 (27.76) | 780 (29.50) | 735 (27.72) | 788 (29.33) | 742 (27.11) | 781 (29.33) | 812 (29.90) | 769 (27.99) |
Yes | 8575 (73.42) | 2212 (74.22) | 2148 (71.50) | 2076 (69.32) | 2139 (70.86) | 2320 (72.59) | 1992 (70.03) | 2112 (70.84) | 2151 (71.92) | 2199 (73.32) | 2181 (72.03) | 2130 (71.26) | 2065 (69.43) | 2137 (72.24) | 2203 (70.50) | 2104 (72.28) | 2131 (70.67) | 2177 (72.89) | 2143 (70.67) | 2106 (70.10) | 2149 (72.01) |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.093 | 0.378 | 0.113 | 0.523 | 0.419 | |||||||||||||||
History of congestive heart failure, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
No | 11,352 (97.2) | 2820 (97.07) | 2838 (98.34) | 2837 (98.29) | 2857 (98.34) | 3017 (97.59) | 2671 (98.38) | 2828 (98.30) | 2836 (97.94) | 2839 (97.60) | 2819 (97.79) | 2838 (98.12) | 2856 (98.52) | 2838 (97.18) | 2897 (97.88) | 2771 (98.72) | 2846 (98.28) | 2825 (97.63) | 2843 (98.12) | 2837 (98.06) | 2847 (98.30) |
Yes | 327 (2.8) | 102 (2.93) | 82 (1.66) | 80 (1.71) | 63 (1.66) | 106 (2.41) | 63 (1.62) | 73 (1.70) | 85 (2.06) | 95 (2.40) | 87 (2.21) | 85 (1.88) | 60 (1.48) | 100 (2.82) | 86 (2.12) | 68 (1.28) | 73 (1.72) | 94 (2.37) | 81 (1.88) | 81 (1.94) | 71 (1.70) |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.021 | 0.160 | 0.149 | 0.003 | 0.442 | |||||||||||||||
History of coronary heart disease, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
No | 11,207 (95.96) | 2804 (96.20) | 2811 (97.34) | 2783 (96.29) | 2809 (96.65) | 2983 (96.37) | 2635 (97.05) | 2781 (96.56) | 2808 (96.59) | 2831 (96.86) | 2775 (95.90) | 2789 (96.62) | 2812 (97.05) | 2852 (97.21) | 2863 (96.80) | 2708 (96.44) | 2784 (96.18) | 2806 (96.62) | 2816 (97.19) | 2792 (96.61) | 2793 (96.15) |
Yes | 472 (4.04) | 118 (3.80) | 109 (2.66) | 134 (3.71) | 111 (3.35) | 140 (3.63) | 99 (2.95) | 120 (3.44) | 113 (3.41) | 103 (3.14) | 131 (4.10) | 134 (3.38) | 104 (2.95) | 86 (2.79) | 12 0(3.20) | 131 (3.56) | 135 (3.82) | 113 (3.38) | 108 (2.81) | 126 (3.39) | 125 (3.85) |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.183 | 0.722 | 0.204 | 0.043 | 0.271 | |||||||||||||||
History of angina, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
No | 11,390 (97.53) | 2845 (97.65) | 2847 (98.22) | 2852 (98.13) | 2846 (97.86) | 3039 (97.90) | 2672 (98.07) | 2829 (98.10) | 2850 (97.83) | 2865 (97.71) | 2826 (97.87) | 2851 (98.23) | 2848 (98.03) | 2868 (97.84) | 2915 (98.40) | 2773 (98.04) | 2834 (97.64) | 2845 (97.88) | 2853 (98.30) | 2850 (97.93) | 2842 (97.78) |
Yes | 289 (2.47) | 77 (2.35) | 73 (1.78) | 65 (1.87) | 74 (2.14) | 84 (2.10) | 62 (1.93) | 72 (1.90) | 71 (2.17) | 69 (2.29) | 80 (2.13) | 72 (1.77) | 68 (1.97) | 70 (2.16) | 68 (1.60) | 66 (1.96) | 85 (2.36) | 74 (2.12) | 71 (1.70) | 68 (2.07) | 76 2.22) |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.548 | 0.091 | 0.681 | 0.414 | 0.671 | |||||||||||||||
History of heart attack, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
No | 11,165 (95.6) | 2789 (96.57) | 2783 (96.72) | 2797 (96.95) | 2796 (96.61) | 2959 (96.28) | 2637 (97.25) | 2771 (96.46) | 2798 (96.91) | 2801 (96.75) | 2780 (96.55) | 2785 (96.57) | 2799 (96.95) | 2817 (96.90) | 2860 (97.19) | 2710 (96.57) | 2778 (96.28) | 2783 (96.65) | 2793 (96.59) | 2810 (97.43) | 2779 (96.20) |
Yes | 514 (4.4) | 133 (3.43) | 137 (3.28) | 120 (3.05) | 124 (3.39) | 164 (3.72) | 97 (2.75) | 130 (3.54) | 123 (3.09) | 133 (3.25) | 126 (3.45) | 138 (3.43) | 117 (3.05) | 121 (3.10) | 123 (2.81) | 129 (3.43) | 141 (3.72) | 136 (3.35) | 131 (3.41) | 108 (2.57) | 139 (3.80) |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.093 | 0.331 | 0.863 | 0.412 | 0.148 | |||||||||||||||
History of stroke, No. (%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
No | 11,206 (95.95) | 2758 (95.90) | 2799 (97.13) | 2821 (97.85) | 2828 (97.37) | 2957 (96.30) | 2628 (97.16) | 2780 (96.67) | 2841 (98.25) | 2790 (96.65) | 2781 (96.76) | 2813 (97.22) | 2822 (97.63) | 2805 (97.23) | 2857 (96.72) | 2733 (97.47) | 2811 (96.99) | 2772 (96.82) | 2793 (96.55) | 2816 (97.55) | 2825 (97.41) |
Yes | 473 (4.05) | 164 (4.10) | 121 (2.87) | 96 (2.15) | 92 (2.63) | 166 (3.70) | 106 (2.84) | 121 (3.33) | 80 (1.75) | 144 (3.35) | 125 (3.24) | 110 (2.78) | 94 (2.37) | 133 (2.77) | 126 (3.28) | 106 (2.53) | 108 (3.01) | 147 (3.18) | 131 (3.45) | 102 (2.45) | 93 (2.59) |
P value | < 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.142 | 0.401 | 0.162 | |||||||||||||||
