Table 1 Characteristics of participants with or without depressive symptoms.
Without depressive symptoms n = 4671 (88.7%) | With depressive symptoms n = 595 (11.3%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | |||
Age, years | 73.9 ± 5.5 | 75.5 ± 6.1 | < 0.001* |
Sex, female (%) | 2586 (55.4) | 308 (51.8) | 0.097† |
Education, years | 11.7 ± 2.3 | 11.2 ± 2.3 | 0.008* |
Annual household income, ≥ 3 million yen (%) | 2214 (47.4)‡ | 192 (32.3)§ | < 0.001† |
Living alone, yes (%) | 605 (13.0)§ | 123 (20.7)‡ | < 0.001† |
Alcohol consumption, yes (%) | 1966 (42.1)‡ | 224 (37.6)§ | 0.038† |
Smoking, yes (%) | 282 (6.0)§ | 60 (10.1)‡ | < 0.001† |
Health factors | |||
Heart disease, yes (%) | 853 (18.3)§ | 143 (24.0)‡ | < 0.001† |
Stroke, yes (%) | 254 (5.4)§ | 64 (10.8)‡ | < 0.001† |
Hypertension, yes (%) | 2242 (48.0)§ | 311 (52.3)‡ | 0.050† |
Hyperlipidemia, yes (%) | 1797 (38.5)§ | 255 (42.9)‡ | 0.039† |
Diabetes, yes (%) | 626 (13.4) | 97 (16.3) | 0.052† |
Pain, yes (%) | 1955 (41.9)§ | 329 (55.3)‡ | < 0.001† |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 0.029* |
Cognitive decline, MMSE < 24 (%) | 311 (6.7)§ | 89 (15.0)‡ | < 0.001† |
Slow gait, < 1.0 m/s (%) | 986 (21.1)§ | 220 (37.0)‡ | < 0.001† |
Engagement in activities | |||
Physical activity, LA score | 16.0 ± 8.3 | 13.2 ± 7.5 | 0.054* |
Cognitive activity, LA score | 11.6 ± 6.1 | 9.5 ± 5.7 | 0.194* |
Social activity, number | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | < 0.001* |
Depressive status | |||
GDS score, point | 1.9 ± 1.5 | 7.8 ± 1.9 | < 0.001* |
