Table 4 Crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations with depressive symptoms.

Perceived value score

 Q1 (− 20–0)

Reference

 < 0.001

Reference

 < 0.001

 Q2 (0–8)

0.54

0.44–0.67

 < 0.001

0.76

0.59–0.97

0.026

 Q3 (9–13)

0.42

0.33–0.52

 < 0.001

0.67

0.51–0.87

0.003

 Q4 (14–20)

0.30

0.23–0.39

 < 0.001

0.54

0.40–0.73

 < 0.001

Demographic characteristics

 Age

1.01

0.99–1.02

0.566

 Sex, female

1.10

0.87–1.39

0.414

 Education

0.97

0.93–1.01

0.187

 Annual household income

0.73

0.60–0.90

0.003

 Living alone

1.55

1.21–1.99

0.001

 Alcohol consumption

0.90

0.72–1.11

0.310

 Smoking

1.78

1.26–2.50

0.001

Health factors

 Heart disease

1.38

1.10–1.73

0.006

 Stroke

1.82

1.31–2.54

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

0.95

0.78–1.17

0.641

 Hyperlipidemia

1.20

0.98–1.47

0.071

 Diabetes

1.13

0.86–1.47

0.377

 Pain

1.65

1.36–2.00

 < 0.001

 BMI

0.95

0.92–0.98

0.001

 Cognitive decline

1.60

1.18–2.18

0.003

 Slow gait

1.33

1.07–1.65

0.011

Engagement in activities

 Physical activity

0.98

0.96–0.99

 < 0.001

 Cognitive activity

0.97

0.95–0.98

 < 0.001

 Social activity

0.62

0.56–0.69

 < 0.001