Table 3 Subgroup analysis.

From: Alcohol and the risk of all-cause death, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac arrest

Male

 

n

SCA

VT / VFL / VF

AF

All-cause death

HF admission

Non-drinker

704,637

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Mild drinker

784,430

0.772 (0.736–0.810)

0.860 (0.803–0.921)

1.000 (0.976–1.025)

0.798 (0.785–0.810)

0.880 (0.870–0.890)

Moderate drinker

409,477

0.823 (0.776–0.872)

0.918 (0.844–0.998)

1.123 (1.090–1.156)

0.894 (0.876–0.912)

0.900 (0.887–0.913)

Heavy drinker

299,064

0.910 (0.858–0.967)

1.000 (0.915–1.048)

1.271 (1.233–1.310)

1.074 (1.054–1.095)

0.959 (0.945–0.973)

Female

 

n

SCA

VT / VFL / VF

AF

All-cause death

HF admission

Non-drinker

1,339,091

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Mild drinker

383,226

1.042 (0.945–1.150)

0.810 (0.733–0.896)

1.010 (0.972–1.051)

1.009 (0.987–1.041)

0.948 (0.934–0.963)

Moderate drinker

50,667

1.202 (0.946–1.527)

1.013 (0.806–1.273)

1.086 (0.980–1.204)

1.335 (1.237–1.440)

1.024 (0.986–1.063)

Heavy drinker

19,781

0.951 (0.634–1.427)

1.063 (0.753–1.499)

1.174 (1.007–1.370)

1.354 (1.206–1.519)

1.071 (1.012–1.133)

Young age (< 65 years)

 

n

SCA

VT / VFL / VF

AF

All-cause death

HF admission

Non-drinker

1,670,748

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Mild drinker

1,090,707

0.800 (0.755–0.848)

0.850 (0.796–0.907)

0.982 (0.956–1.009)

0.857 (0.839–0.875)

0.910 (0.900–0.920)

Moderate drinker

434,422

0.845 (0.787–0.907)

0.885 (0.810–0.966)

1.097 (1.059–1.135)

0.960 (0.935–0.985)

0.919 (0.906–0.933)

Heavy drinker

295,059

0.928 (0.861–1.000)

1.018 (0.926–1.119)

1.261 (1.216–1.309)

1.192 (1.161–1.225)

0.983 (0.967–0.999)

Old age (≥ 65 years)

 

n

SCA

VT / VFL / VF

AF

All-cause death

HF admission

Non-drinker

372,980

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

Mild drinker

76,949

0.846 (0.792–0.902)

0.860 (0.767–0.964)

1.038 (1.005–1.072)

0.833 (0.817–0.849)

0.928 (0.913–0.944)

Moderate drinker

25,722

0.839 (0.760–0.926)

1.082 (0.919–1.274)

1.140 (1.086–1.197)

0.906 (0.881–0.932)

0.925 (0.900–0.950)

Heavy drinker

23,786

0.901 (0.817–0.993)

0.874 (0.726–1.052)

1.223 (1.164–1.284)

1.018 (0.991–1.047)

0.932 (0.906–0.958)

  1. Values are expressed as hazard ratio with its 95% confidence interval.
  2. AF: atrial fibrillation; VT: ventricular tachycardia; VF: ventricular fibrillation; VFL: ventricular flutter; SCA: sudden cardiac arrest.
  3. Hazard ratios are adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, regular exercise habit, income level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and thyroid disease.
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