Table 2 Descriptive statistics, variable description, and bivariate correlations with subjective well-being.

From: Identifying the top predictors of student well-being across cultures using machine learning and conventional statistics

Label	Description	Bioecological theory category	Mean	SD	r with life satisfaction	r with positive affect	r with negative affect
Outcome variables
Life satisfaction	Cognitive well-being: overall life satisfaction	Individual	7.19	2.53	1
Positive affect	Affective well-being: frequency of positive emotions	Individual	3.22	0.56	0.490**	1
Negative affect	Affective well-being: frequency of negative emotions	Individual	2.36	0.60	− 0.326**	− 0.185**	1
Predictors
Gender	Gender	Individual	1.50	0.50	0.074**	0.007**	− 0.208**
GRADE	Grade compared to modal grade in country	Individual	− 0.19	0.65	− 0.008**	0.005**	0.005**
AGE	Age	Individual	15.79	0.29	− 0.008**	− 0.009**	− 0.001
BSMJ	Student’s expected occupational status	Individual	65.26	17.95	0.024**	0.052**	0.040**
UNDREM	Meta-cognition: understanding and remembering	Proximal process	− 0.11	0.97	− 0.020**	− 0.010**	0.041**
METASUM	Meta-cognition: summarising	Proximal process	− 0.21	0.98	− 0.025**	− 0.015**	0.046**
METASPAM	Meta-cognition: assess credibility	Proximal process	− 0.22	0.94	− 0.051**	− 0.064**	0.060**
JOYREAD	Joy/like reading	Individual	0.17	0.99	0.015**	0.039**	0.093**
SCREADCOMP	Self-concept of reading: perception of competence	Individual	− 0.06	0.92	0.097**	0.149**	− 0.036**
SCREADDIFF	Self-concept of reading: perception of difficulty	Individual	0.09	0.94	− 0.070**	− 0.055**	0.125**
COMPETE	Competitiveness	Individual	0.05	0.97	0.088**	0.182**	− 0.044**
WORKMAST	Work mastery	Individual	0.08	0.99	0.179**	0.259**	− 0.034**
GFOFAIL	General fear of failure	Individual	− 0.05	0.94	− 0.208**	− 0.142**	0.328**
EUDMO	Eudaimonia: sense of meaning in life	Individual	0.14	0.94	0.399**	0.407**	− 0.194**
RESILIENCE	Resilience	Individual	0.02	0.98	0.284**	0.401**	− 0.170**
MASTGOAL	Mastery goal orientation	Individual	0.07	1.02	0.229**	0.295**	− 0.055**
REPEAT	Grade Repetition	Proximal process	0.54	1.91	− 0.062**	− 0.029**	0.058**
EMOSUPS	Parents' emotional support perceived by student	Context	− 0.08	0.95	0.259**	0.300**	− 0.091**
DURECEC	Duration in early childhood education and care	Context	2.66	1.16	0.005**	− 0.037**	0.001
ESCS	Index of economic, social and cultural status	Context	− 0.35	1.11	0.031**	0.018**	− 0.020**
PERCOMP	Perception of competitiveness at school	Context	0.04	0.92	0.053**	0.127**	0.019**
PERCOOP	Perception of cooperation at school	Context	− 0.01	0.94	0.210**	0.261**	− 0.079**
ATTLNACT	Attitude towards school: learning activities	Context	− 0.02	0.99	0.127**	0.149**	− 0.019**
BELONG	Sense of belonging to school	Context	− 0.08	0.94	0.273**	0.340**	− 0.218**
BEINGBULLIED	Student's experience of being bullied	Context	0.10	0.98	− 0.182**	− 0.169**	0.173**
DISCLIMA	Disciplinary climate in test language lessons	Context	0.15	1.08	0.149**	0.132**	− 0.094**
TEACHSUP	Teacher support in test language lessons	Context	0.18	0.97	0.158**	0.165**	− 0.060**
DIRINS	Teacher-directed instruction	Context	0.27	1.04	0.161**	0.159**	− 0.076**
PERFEED	Perceived feedback	Context	0.09	0.98	0.128**	0.156**	− 0.055**
STIMREAD	Teacher's stimulation of reading engagement perceived by student	Context	0.14	1.02	0.147**	0.178**	− 0.034**
ADAPTIVITY	Adaptation of instruction	Context	0.05	0.99	0.131**	0.152**	− 0.041**
TEACHINT	Perceived teacher's interest	Context	0.11	0.98	0.171**	0.203**	− 0.039**
RATCMP1	Number of available computers per student at modal grade	Context	0.68	0.85	− 0.026**	− 0.029**	0.021**
RATCMP2	Proportion of available computers that are connected to the Internet	Context	0.89	0.26	− 0.046**	− 0.038**	0.023**
EDUSHORT	Shortage of educational material	Context	0.13	1.08	0.030**	0.014**	− 0.012**
GINI	country income inequality	Context	35.17	6.75	− 0.030**	0.036**	0.076**
GDP per capita	Gross domestic product per capita	Context	25,439.36	22,379.30	− 0.084**	− 0.055**	0.045**

**p < 0.001, r pertains to the correlation coefficient between the predictor and the outcome variables. All the labels, except for GINI and GDP per capita, were derived from the PISA Assessment and Analytical Framework.

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Table 2 Descriptive statistics, variable description, and bivariate correlations with subjective well-being.

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