Table 1 Details of the dataset and data source information used in this study.

Land dataset

Land use/land cover

1990–2020

30 m

https://www.resdc.cn/

Terrain

Elevation slope aspect

2010

30 m

https://www.nasa.gov

Meteorological data

Precipitation temperature

1980–2020

1 km

http://data.tpdc.ac.cn

Dryness

1971–2000

1 km

http://www.nesdc.org.cn/

Vegetation

Normalized difference vegetation index

1990–2020

30 m

https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/

Net primary productivity

1990–2020

30 m

https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/

Soil data

Soil types

2000

1 km

http://vdb3.soil.csdb.cn

Soil erosion

1995

1 km

https://www.resdc.cn/

Spatial accessibility

Distance to residents

2021

100 m

https://www.ngcc.cn

Distance to government

Distance to road

Distance to lake and river

Socioeconomic factors

Gross domestic product population

2019

1 km

https://www.resdc.cn/

Nighttime light data

2020

500 m

https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/

Crop area and yield

1990–2020

China Statistical Yearbook, Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook, Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture Statistical Yearbook