Table 1 Description of reference variables used for cephalometric analysis.

Craniofacial morphology variables

 SNA

Sella-Nasion- A angle

The prognathism of the maxilla to the cranial base³²

 SNB

Sella-Nasion-B angle

The prognathism of the mandible to the cranial base³²

 ANB

A-Nasion- B angle

Difference between SNA and SNB, which determines anterioposterior relationship of the maxillary and mandibular bases^32,40

 FH/ML

Angle between FH and ML

Frankfort mandibular plane angle³⁰

 NSL/ML

Angle between NSL and ML

Mandibular plane angle³⁰

 NSL/NL

Angle between NSL and NL

The maxilla to cranial base

 NA-PA

Angle between NA and PA

Reflection of the protrusion of the maxilla

 NP-FH

Angle between NP and FH

Reflection of the projection of the mandibular

 Y axis

Angle between SGn and FH

Reflection of projection of the chin and the direction of facial growth

Head and cervical postural variables

 NSL/OPT

Angle between NSL and OPT^30,44

Craniocevical angles

 NSL/CVT

Angle between NSL and CVT^30,44

 NL/OPT

Angle between NL and OPT^30,44

 NL/CVT

Angle between NL and CVT^30,44

 CVT/HOR

Angle between CVT and HOR^30,44

Cervicohorizontal angles

 OPT/HOR

Angle between OPT and HOR^30,44

 NSL/VER

Angle between NSL and VER^30,44

Craniovertical angles

 NL/VER

Angle between NL and VER^30,44

 OPT/CVT

Angle between odontoid process tangent and cervical vertebra tangent^30,44

Cervical curvature angle