Table 1 Participant characteristics and outcomes by maternal daily breakfast consumption habit status.
With daily breakfast consumption habit | Without daily breakfast consumption habit | |
|---|---|---|
Variable | N = 53,124 | N = 19,136 |
Mean maternal daily energy intake, (standard deviation) | 1774.90 kcal (747.66) | 1626.61 kcal (738.39) |
Maternal age (years), % (n) | ||
< 20 | 0.5 (287) | 3.0 (574) |
20–29 | 37.2 (19,739) | 55.6 (10,640) |
30–39 | 59.3 (31,524) | 39.7 (7,602) |
≥ 40 | 3.0 (1573) | 1.7 (320) |
No answer | 0.0 (1) | 0.0 (0) |
BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2), % (n) | ||
< 18.5 | 15.9 (8,435) | 16.9 (3,226) |
18.5–19.9 | 26.0 (13,801) | 24.0 (4,586) |
20.0–22.9 | 39.0 (20,721) | 36.2 (6,929) |
23.0–24.9 | 10.4 (5,503) | 10.8 (2,066) |
≥ 25.0 | 8.7 (4,646) | 12.1 (2,313) |
No answer | 0.0 (18) | 0.1 (16) |
Parity, % (n) | ||
Nulliparous | 35.8 (19,030) | 55.3 (10,582) |
Multiparous | 62.0 (32,962) | 41.5 (7,944) |
No answer | 2.1 (1,132) | 3.2 (610) |
Maternal smoking status, % (n) | ||
No | 97.1 (51,570) | 91.2 (17,452) |
Yes | 2.1 (1,099) | 7.6 (1,450) |
No answer | 0.9 (455) | 1.2 (234) |
Maternal alcohol consumption status, % (n) | ||
No | 96.8 (51,407) | 96.4 (18,455) |
Yes | 2.6 (1,383) | 2.9 (562) |
No answer | 0.6 (334) | 0.6 (119) |
Maternal educational status, % (n) | ||
Junior high school, < 10 years | 2.2 (1,184) | 7.6 (1,449) |
High school, 10–12 years | 27.2 (14,457) | 37.0 (7,089) |
Professional school or university, 13–16 years | 68.5 (36,366) | 54.0 (10,329) |
Graduate school, ≥ 17 years | 1.8 (965) | 1.0 (191) |
No answer | 0.3 (152) | 0.4 (78) |
Annual household income (JPY), % (n) | ||
< 2,000,000 | 3.5(1,862) | 7.5 (1,434) |
2,000,000–5,999,999 | 62.4 (33,131) | 65.6 (12,555) |
6,000,000–9,999,999 | 23.8 (12,618) | 16.8 (3,206) |
≥ 10,000,000 | 4.5 (2,411) | 3.0 (572) |
No answer | 5.8 (3,102) | 7.2 (1,369) |
ART, % (n) | ||
No | 96.1 (51,033) | 97.4 (18,647) |
Yes | 3.5 (1,878) | 2.1 (398) |
No answer | 0.4 (213) | 0.5 (91) |
Maternal psychological disorder, % (n) | ||
No | 99.4 (52,814) | 99.0 (18,944) |
Yes | 0.6 (310) | 1.0 (192) |
Maternal high K6 scores, % (n) | ||
No | 93.3 (49,549) | 92.9 (17,772) |
Yes | 3.5 (1,833) | 3.3 (623) |
No answer | 3.3 (1,742) | 3.9 (741) |
Maternal neurodevelopmental disorders, % (n) | ||
No | 99.6 (52,926) | 99.5 (19,047) |
Yes | 0.0 (25) | 0.1 (15) |
No answer | 0.3 (173) | 0.4 (74) |
Maternal AQ ≥ 10, % (n) | ||
No | 91.4 (48,565) | 92.0 (17,604) |
Yes | 2.4 (1,275) | 3.1 (598) |
No answer | 6.2 (3,284) | 4.9 (934) |
Lactational status at 6 months after birth, % (n) | ||
Lactation only | 58.4 (31,019) | 49.9 (9,544) |
Mixed | 22.6 (11,995) | 22.4 (4,295) |
Formula only | 14.3 (7,619) | 22.2 (4,242) |
No answer | 4.7 (2,491) | 5.5 (1055) |
Marital status, % (n) | ||
Married | 97.0 (51,542) | 91.5 (17,503) |
Never married | 1.9 (1,022) | 6.5 (1237) |
Divorced | 0.4 (239) | 1.1 (209) |
Husband died | 0.0 (10) | 0.0 (1) |
No answer | 0.6 (311) | 1.0 (186) |
Paternal age (years), % (n) | ||
< 20 | 0.1 (40) | 0.4 (76) |
20–29 | 13.0 (6,900) | 21.3 (4,083) |
30–39 | 32.9 (17,493) | 25.6 (4,896) |
≥ 40 | 7.2 (3,838) | 5.1 (972) |
No answer | 46.8 (24,853) | 47.6 (9,109) |
Paternal smoking status, % (n) | ||
No | 58.2 (30,906) | 44.1 (8,443) |
Yes | 40.0 (21,244) | 53.1 (10,152) |
No answer | 1.8 (974) | 2.8 (541) |
Paternal educational status, % (n) | ||
Junior high school, < 10 years | 4.7 (2,494) | 10.2 (1,949) |
High school, 10–12 years | 33.6 (17,869) | 39.6 (7,578) |
Professional school or university, 13–16 years | 55.5 (29,472) | 45.9 (8,787) |
Graduate school, ≥ 17 years | 5.5 (2,970) | 3.0 (577) |
No answer | 0.7 (349) | 1.3 (245) |
Other children in house, % (n) | ||
No | 28.2 (14,961) | 41.9 (8,015) |
Yes | 69.7 (37,014) | 54.7 (10,475) |
No answer | 2.2 (1,149) | 3.4 (646) |
Nursery or kindergarten, % (n) | ||
No | 36.4 (19,330) | 36.5 (6,987) |
Yes | 60.7 (32,227) | 60.8 (11,631) |
No answer | 2.9 (1,567) | 2.7 (518) |
Maternal job, % (n) | ||
No | 50.4 (26,783) | 52.7 (10,083) |
Yes | 45.5 (24,189) | 42.0 (8,032) |
No answer | 4.1 (2,152) | 5.3 (1,021) |
Offspring neurodevelopmental delays, % (n) | ||
Communication | 3.5 (1,874) | 4.3 (824) |
Gross motor | 4.2 (2,251) | 4.1 (777) |
Fine motor | 7.0 (3,737) | 7.9 (1,509) |
Problem solving | 6.9 (3,662) | 7.5 (1,434) |
Personal–social | 2.9 (1,554) | 3.4 (654) |
