Table 3 Crude and adjusted ORs for abnormalities in the ASQ-3 in participants with a daily breakfast consumption habit after stratification by maternal daily energy intake and offspring sex.

From: Association between daily breakfast habit during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in 3-year-old offspring: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

DEI Group#

Com

GM

FM

Prob

Perso

aOR

aOR

aOR

aOR

aOR

1

0.89 (0.77–1.04)

1.01(0.88–1.17)

1.04 (0.94–1.17)

1.00 (0.89–1.12)

1.05 (0.89–1.25)

Male

0.92 (0.77–1.10)

0.94 (0.78–1.13)

1.06 (0.93–1.20)

0.99 (0.86–1.14)

1.02 (0.84–1.24)

Female

0.81 (0.60–1.10)

1.12 (0.89–1.41)

1.01 (0.81–1.27)

1.02 (0.84–1.24)

1.17 (0.80–1.69)

2

0.80 (0.68–0.94)

1.03 (0.88–1.21)

0.93 (0.83–1.06)

0.99 (0.87–1.12)

0.84 (0.70–1.01)

Male

0.83 (0.69–1.00)

1.07 (0.87–1.32)

0.94 (0.82–1.09)

1.02 (0.88–1.19)

0.89 (0.73–1.10)

Female

0.66 (0.47–0.95)

0.96 (0.75–1.24)

0.90 (0.70–1.14)

0.92 (0.73–1.15)

0.67 (0.45–0.99)

3

0.90 (0.77–1.05)

1.17 (0.99–1.37)

1.01 (0.90–1.13)

0.90 (0.80–1.01)

0.84 (0.71–0.99)

Male

0.83 (0.69–0.99)

1.09 (0.89–1.34)

1.01 (0.88–1.15)

0.88 (0.77–1.02)

0.81 (0.67–0.98)

Female

1.20 (0.87–1.65)

1.30 (1.00–1.68)

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

0.96 (0.78–1.17)

1.01 (0.70–1.48)

  1. CI confidence interval, cOR crude odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, Com communication, GM gross motor, FM fine motor, Prob problem solving, Perso personal–social characteristics, DEI daily energy intake, ASQ-3 Age and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition.
  2. #Group 1, less than 1400 kcal/day; Group 2, 1400–1800 kcal/day; Group 3, more than 1800 kcal/day.
  3. Reference group: Participants without a daily breakfast consumption habit.
  4. Significant values are in bold.
Back to article page