Table 3 Associations between natural diversity score, exposure to natural environments, mental wellbeing, and their time-lasting effects.

From: Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment reveals an incremental association between natural diversity and mental wellbeing

 

25% response rate (n = 1,998)

50% response rate (n = 922)

75% response rate (n = 310)

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

MD

(95% CI)

MD

(95% CI)

MD

(95% CI)

MD

(95% CI)

MD

(95% CI)

MD

(95% CI)

Total natural diversity score

0.69***

(0.65, 0.74)

0.68***

(0.64, 0.73)

0.74***

(0.69, 0.80)

0.74***

(0.68, 0.80)

0.74***

(0.65, 0.83)

0.73***

(0.64, 0.82)

Time-lasting effects

 L0

0.74***

(0.67, 0.82)

0.72***

(0.65, 0.80)

0.74***

(0.66, 0.82)

0.73***

(0.65, 0.81)

0.76***

(0.65, 0.87)

0.75***

(0.64, 0.86)

 L1

0.21***

(0.13, 0.28)

0.18***

(0.11, 0.25)

0.20***

(0.12, 0.28)

0.18***

(0.10, 0.26)

0.23***

(0.13, 0.34)

0.22***

(0.11, 0.33)

 L2

0.06

(− 0.01, 0.13)

0.04

(− 0.03, 0.11)

0.01

(− 0.07, 0.09)

0.00

(− 0.08, 0.08)

0.03

(− 0.08, 0.14)

0.01

(− 0.10, 0.12)

Natural environments

3.59***

(3.32, 3.86)

3.59***

(3.32, 3.86)

3.90***

(3.56, 4.24)

3.90***

(3.56, 4.25)

4.09***

(3.58, 4.59)

4.09***

(3.58, 4.60)

Time-lasting effects

 L0

3.58***

(3.14, 4.02)

3.58***

(3.13, 4.02)

3.69***

(3.21, 4.17)

3.70***

(3.22, 4.18)

4.15***

(3.53, 4.78)

4.18***

(3.55, 4.81)

 L1

1.02***

(0.59, 1.45)

1.04***

(0.61, 1.47)

1.20***

(0.72, 1.67)

1.21***

(0.74, 1.69)

1.02**

(0.41, 1.63)

1.04**

(0.43, 1.66)

 L2

0.35

(− 0.08, 0.78)

0.37

(− 0.06, 0.80)

0.32

(− 0.15, 0.80)

0.32

(− 0.15, 0.80)

0.51

(− 0.10, 1.13)

0.52

(− 0.10, 1.14)

  1. Mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) represent the mean difference in momentary mental wellbeing per category increase compared to the reference group.
  2. L0–L2 represent the assessments lagged from 0 to 2. L0 indicates the impact of natural diversity or natural environments on mental wellbeing at the time of the assessment; L1 indicates the impact of natural diversity or natural environments on mental wellbeing at the during the first subsequent assessment (after an average of 8 h); L2 indicates the impact of natural diversity or natural environments on mental wellbeing during the second subsequent assessment (after an average of 16 h).
  3. Statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.
  4. Analyses were explored as crude associations and after adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, education, and occupation.
  5. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
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