Table 4 Adjusted direct and indirect effects of natural environments on mental wellbeing mediated by number of natural features.

From: Smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment reveals an incremental association between natural diversity and mental wellbeing

Measure

25% response rate

Mental wellbeing (n = 1998)

50% response rate

Mental wellbeing (n = 922)

75% response rate

Mental wellbeing (n = 310)

MD (95% CI)

MD (95% CI)

MD (95% CI)

Natural environments

 Total effect

3.58* (3.30, 3.85)

3.89* (3.51, 4.26)

4.06* (3.62, 4.51)

 Direct effect

2.73* (2.45, 2.99)

2.98* (2.61, 3.35)

3.20* (2.77, 3.63)

 Indirect effect via amount of natural diversity

0.86* (0.79, 0.92)

0.91* (0.83, 0.99)

0.86* (0.71, 1.01)

 Proportion mediated (%)

23.9%

23.4%

21.2%

Total proportion mediated (%)

23.9%

23.4%

21.2%

  1. Statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.
  2. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001.
  3. aAdjusted for baseline outcome/mediator and age, gender, ethnicity, education, and occupation.
  4. b95% percentile intervals from bootstrapping with 50 replications.
  5. Multi-level by individual (random intercept) mixed-effects linear regression.