Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy by PPCs (N = 810).
Patients who did not develop PPCs (n = 651) | Patients who developed PPCs (n = 159) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 64 (58–70) | 67 (62–73) | < 0.01 |
Sex, male | 597 (91.7) | 150 (94.3) | 0.34 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 0.44 |
Smoking status | 0.08 | ||
Never smoker | 84 (12.9) | 12 (7.5) | |
Ever smoker | 567 (87.1) | 147 (92.5) | |
Comorbidities | |||
Pulmonary comorbidities | |||
Asthma | 12 (1.8) | 4 (2.5) | 0.53 |
Previous pulmonary tuberculosis | 67 (10.3) | 25 (15.7) | 0.07 |
Interstitial lung disease | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | > 0.99 |
Extra-pulmonary comorbidities | |||
Diabetes mellitus | 95 (14.6) | 33 (20.8) | 0.07 |
Hypertension | 278 (42.7) | 77 (48.4) | 0.22 |
Cardiovascular disease | 68 (10.4) | 27 (17.0) | 0.03 |
Laboratory findings | |||
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.2 (13.3–15.0) | 13.9 (12.9–15.0) | 0.19 |
Albumin, g/dL | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) | 4.3 (4.1–4.5) | < 0.01 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.49 |
Pathologic stage | 0.15 | ||
I | 343 (52.7) | 71 (44.7) | |
II | 177 (27.2) | 47 (29.6) | |
III | 131 (20.1) | 41 (25.8) | |
Histologic type | 0.39 | ||
Squamous cell carcinoma | 618 (94.9) | 155 (97.5) | |
Adenocarcinoma | 30 (4.6) | 4 (2.5) | |
Others | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | |
Location of esophagus | 0.42 | ||
Cervical/upper thoracic | 81 (12.4) | 26 (16.4) | |
Middle thoracic | 286 (43.9) | 68 (42.8) | |
Lower thoracic/esophagogastric junction | 284 (43.6) | 65 (40.9) | |
Type of surgery | < 0.01 | ||
Open thoracotomy surgery | 396 (60.8) | 119 (74.8) | |
VATS | 88 (13.5) | 12 (7.5) | |
Robotic surgery | 167 (25.7) | 28 (17.6) | |
Type of surgical approach | 0.57 | ||
Transthoracic | 633 (97.2) | 153 (96.2) | |
Trans-hiatal | 15 (2.3) | 5 (3.1) | |
Others | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | |
Lymph node dissection | 0.06 | ||
Two-field or less | 572 (87.9) | 130 (81.8) | |
Three-field | 79 (12.1) | 29 (18.2) | |
Anastomosis site | 0.10 | ||
Intrathoracic | 349 (53.6) | 97 (61.0) | |
Cervical | 298 (45.8) | 60 (37.7) | |
Abdominal | 4 (0.6) | 2 (1.3) | |
Surgery time, hours | 4.4 (3.8–5.0) | 4.4 (3.8–5.3) | 0.36 |
Preoperative pulmonary function test | |||
FVC, L | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | < 0.01 |
FVC, %predicted | 93.0 ± 12.7 | 88.4 ± 13.2 | < 0.01 |
FEV1, L | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | < 0.01 |
FEV1, %predicted | 91.0 (82.0–101.0) | 86.0 (76.0–96.5) | < 0.01 |
FEV1/FVC | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.01 |
DLco, %predicted | 89.0 (77.0–100.0) | 79.0 (68.5–92.0) | < 0.01 |
