Table 2 Characterization of biochar.

pH

8.22§^c

9.72^b

8.98^bc

11.4^a

8.47^c

11.0^a

EC (ds m⁻¹)

0.22^d

0.21^d

0.20^d

0.58^c

2.41^b

4.76^a

CCE (%)

16.0^d

18.5^c

19.7^c

24.1^b

19.1^c

34.4^a

C (%)

47.4^d

53.7^c

61.4^b

69.4^a

58.4^b

66.5^a

H (%)

3.26^b

2.19^d

3.94^a

2.99^c

3.91^a

2.26^d

N (%)

0.91^d

1.18^c

0.83^f

0.86^ef

1.37^b

1.51^a

O (%)

22.9^a

6.13^d

18.8^b

2.40^e

21.2^a

9.96^c

H:C (atom ratio)

0.82^a

0.49^b

0.77^a

0.52^b

0.80^a

0.41^c

O:C (atom ratio)

0.36^a

0.09^d

0.23^c

0.03^e

0.27^b

0.11^d

C:N

52:1^c

46:1^d

74:1^b

81:1^a

43:1^d

44:1^d

WSK (g kg⁻¹)

0.71^d

1.60^d

2.14^d

4.41^c

15.6^b

23.2^a

WSP (g kg⁻¹)

0.38^b

0.93^a

0.11^e

0.18^d

0.18^d

0.08^c

Volatile matter (%)

24.6^b

14.8^d

30.4^a

19.5^c

26.7^b

10.5^e

Ash (%)

26.1^b

36.8^a

15.1^d

24.3^b

15.1^d

19.7^c

Bulk density (Mg m⁻³)

0.27^a

0.27^a

0.10^d

0.13^c

0.14^bc

0.15^b

Particle density (Mg m⁻³)

0.51^c

0.86^b

0.27^e

0.38^d

0.40^d

0.65^b

Porosity (%)

47.7^d

68.5^b

60.8^c

65.0^bc

66.1^b

76.6^a