Figure 4
Luteolin reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress and restores mitochondrial function. (A) Representative the mitochondrial superoxide generation stained with mitosox indicator. HT-22 cells were pre-treated with luteolin at different concentrations (5–50 µM) for 24 h and quercetin 10 µM was used as a positive control, followed by 5 mM glutamate for 18 h. The bottom bar graph shows the relative mitochondria superoxide production (n = 3). (B) The mitochondria membrane potential was stained with mitotracker orange CMTMRos. The relative mean fluorescence staining was compared with control group (n = 3). (C) The mitochondria morphology was analyzed under a LSM 800 confocal microscope with 40X objective magnification (scale bar is 10 µm). The bottom bar graph shows the mitochondrial network branches mean analyzed with ImageJ Mitochondria Network Analysis plugin (MiNA) (n = 3). (D) The bar graph shows the relative mtDNA content (16S rRNA) / nuclear DNA ratio (n = 3). The data were collected from at least three independent experiments and the results were shown in mean \(\pm\) SEM. *p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.01 compared with glutamate-treated group, #p-value < 0.001 compared with untreated control group. L:luteolin, Q:quercetin.
